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廣告

巴士車尾廣告

廣告粵拼gwong2 gou3英文advertisement),粵文粵語當中又叫做告白,係種一單向溝通嘅宣傳手法,目的係想消費者接收到廣告裏頭嘅信息,或者令睇咗個廣告嘅人留低印象,一般目標係令啲潛在或現有嘅客戶買廣告裏頭嘅服務。「喺一個媒體嗰度擺低廣告」嘅舉動就係落廣告

概論

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廣告可以話係最重要最常用嗰種宣傳手法。喺市場學上,廣告嘅定義係指一啲非個人性嘅單向資訊傳遞方式,目的係想提升消費者買一件產品嘅意慾;「非個人性」意思即係話傳遞嘅資訊係由賣家一嘢傳遞俾所有買家嘅,唔似得上門做銷售噉會有專人一對一同買家講嘢;廣告可以係一幅靜態嘅又得、係影片都得,可以出現喺好多唔同地方-廣告可以以電子形式出現喺電視同受歡迎嘅網站嗰度、以實物嘅形式出現喺街或者大型建築物嘅外牆嗰度、或者(廿一世紀少見咗)以印刷嘅形式出現喺雜誌報紙嗰度... 呀噉[1][2]

廣告設計係市場學上嘅一個大課題。首先,廣告設計呢家嘢有啲似美術設計[3]或者電影製作[4],要諗吓個廣告嘅構圖同埋「個廣告夠唔夠新奇美觀」等嘅美術性因素會點影響睇咗廣告嘅消費者嘅買嘢意慾[5];除此之外,廣告設計仲涉及法律上嘅問題-有唔少國家地區都會對廣告嘅使用作出嚴格嘅規定,例如好多地區嘅政府都唔想俾人用廣告將賭錢飲酒或者食煙等嘅活動描繪成一啲理想化嘅嘢,費事搞到啲人以為呢啲嘢係值得鼓勵嘅,當中 2018 年嘅澳洲就有法律規定,唔准煙草商喺煙草嘅包裝上面描繪卡通人物,目的係想避免煙草嘅包裝對細路有吸引力[6],因為呢啲問題,設計廣告嘅人仲需要對相關嘅法律有返咁上下熟。

廣告戰

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呢條街有一柞招牌;間間公司都想爭消費者嘅注意力

廣告戰係指唔同公司之間鬥用廣告爭客嘅現象,可以用博弈論嘅方法分析。想像兩間同行嘅公司,原則上,每間公司都大致上有兩個選擇[註 1]

  • 揼多啲錢嚟賣廣告同諗計提高廣告嘅質量,以求壓倒第啲公司(背叛);
  • 同第啲公司達成協議,一齊唔賣咁多廣告,減少賣廣告方面嘅開支(合作);

報償矩陣如下:

合作 背叛
合作
R, R
S, T
背叛
T, S
P, P

原則上,大家齊齊唔賣廣告係一個理想嘅情況-設計廣告同賣廣告冚唪唥都係錢同時間,唔賣廣告可以慳返好多資源,;問題係,如果是但一間公司郁手賣廣告,(假設啲廣告能夠有效噉吸引消費者)佢就有得搶走對方啲客,即係話 ;同時如果冇賣開廣告嗰間公司揼錢賣廣告,就可以爭啲客返嚟,即係 ;如是者,,兩間公司明明大家一齊唔賣廣告就可以得益最大化,但係兩間公司唔信任對方,「大家齊齊賣廣告」係一個拿殊均衡點,於是兩間公司就陷入廣告戰,而廣告成本一增加,就會損害兩間公司嘅利益[註 1]。亦都可以睇吓市場結構上有關「一個市場易唔易進入」(易進入表示易出現新嘅競爭者)方面嘅問題。

爭議性例子

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睇埋

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註釋

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引咗

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  1. Arens, William, & Michael Weigold. Contemporary Advertising: And Integrated Marketing Communications (2012).
  2. Belch, George E., and Michael A. Belch. Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective (10th ed. 2014).
  3. Graphic Artists Guild (2013). Graphic Artists Guild Handbook: Pricing & Ethical Guidelines (第14版). p. 150–152. ISBN 978-0-932102-16-4.
  4. Bone, Mark (2021-10-19). "EVERY STEP of Commercial FILMMAKING Explained: in 10min" (video, 10:31). 喺2022-09-09搵到.
  5. Baker, Michael (2003). The Marketing Book (5th ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 425, 426.
  6. 11.4 State and territory legislation. Tobacco in Australia.
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廣告
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