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底棲

附喺石上嘅底棲
深海底棲
淺水底棲
潮水潭中嘅生物

底棲生物住喺海底,生物尤其講動物植物,故此成羣叫底棲生物,或稱海底生物。淡水生物學,亦借用推至湖底同河底甚至涌底。底除咗指底上面之外,亦包底下面沉積物,有啲生物會鑽入沙石下。底棲範圍好大,由近岸嘅潮水帶,落到大陸架,再落到深淵,各處所受水壓差異甚大。生態學而言,底棲所在嘅環境,叫底棲帶。

深海底棲,大多只能適應深海水壓,浮上面淺層就會死。海水會吸收日光,以致深水海底會非常陰暗,至深者不見天日,故此生物以死屍維持成個底棲生態。

底棲生物而言,分大中細。一毫米以上叫大,十分一毫米以下叫細,兩者之間叫中。一般講底棲,都以大而言,如多毛綱嘅雙殼綱軟甲綱棘皮動物門之下嘅海星海膽海參之類,渦蟲綱嘅蟲,重有海葵珊瑚海綿、海鞘等等,種類繁多。大底棲唔少會食啲中細底棲,亦有啲會食有機物碎片,如生物碎屑。日光可達嘅淺水有類可食。

中底棲有種種微蟲,歸綫蟲動物門,歸有孔蟲門,歸緩步動物門,歸腹毛動物門。另外重有啲歸節肢動物門、如此等等。

細底棲有細菌、硅藻、纖毛蟲變形蟲、鞭毛蟲等。

[編輯]

英文底棲叫Benthos,取名自希臘文 βένθος ,意謂之深。形容轉為benthic,故此海底生物又寫為benthic organismbenthic biota,前者為生物通稱,後者為生物整體。

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底棲
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