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捷思法

捷思法粵拼zit6 si1 faat3,當中音同截至嗰個),又有叫啟發法,係認知科學上嘅一個概念,指人類(或者人工智能思考嗰陣可以用嘅「認知捷徑」,即係一啲簡單(唔需要做好多運算)、可以用嚟解難嘅法則:一個個體嘅解難過程可以想像成一個由 inputoutput 嘅過程;當個個體接收到輸入嗰陣,佢內部要做一啲運算,計出一個解難方案做輸出;一個完美理性嘅個體喺做呢啲運算嗰陣會達到一啲好理想化嘅條件,好似係手上會有嗮所有所需嘅資訊、能夠完全準確噉計出每個選項嘅效益、以及係會一心一意揀令自己效益最大化嘅選項等等;但要喺現實做完美理性嘅運算,通常需要用到嘅資源都會多到唔實際,所以現實世界嘅人類同第啲動物多數會用一啲簡單啲嘅運算方法,計出解難方案。

呢啲簡單法則未必能夠達致原則上最理想嘅結果(即係次佳嘅,suboptimal),但勝在可以幫到個人令佢解難嘅速度相對快啲[1][2]

捷思法個英文名叫 heuristics

概論

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舉個例子說明,想像有個人家陣去超市買餸,想買意粉,如果佢想做完全理性決策,(根據理性嘅定義)佢要諗過度過嗮所有有得買嘅意粉牌子,諗出一套基準決定一隻牌子點先算「好」,量度吓每一款有幾能夠滿足佢嘅慾望(價錢貴唔貴、有幾好食等),再用一個效用函數(utility function)計吓邊隻牌子效用最高,而某隻牌子嘅效用可以(例如)用呢條式計:

當中 效用(utility;又有叫效益), 係買咗之後淨低嘅錢反映嘅效用, 反映隻牌子有幾好食,而 反映隻牌子有幾健康(假設呢幾個數都可以用同一單位量度)。計咗呢條數之後,嗰個人就要揀效用最高嗰隻牌子,令自己效用最大化;佢又可以就噉揀佢買開嗰隻牌子-「揀我買開嗰隻牌子嘅意粉」就係一個捷思法;呢個捷思法未必可以達到最理想嘅結果-例如可能有一隻好好味、但佢未試過嘅意粉牌子(搞到用呢個捷思法達唔到最高嘅可能效用),但就幫到個人手慳好多時間。喺日常生活當中,人類做嘅經濟決策多數都係用捷思法做嘅-事實係,如果人類吓吓用完全理性嘅方法做決策嘅話,佢哋就要嘥好多時間做運算,喺實際應用上根本唔可行[3][4][5]

類型

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例如可得度捷思法(availability heuristics)就係一種捷思法。可得度捷思法講緊人類思考嗰陣,成日都淨係靠自己即時諗得到嘅例子嚟做判斷,好多時都會因而喺思考上出現偏誤。

可得度捷思法會明顯噉左右人對風險嘅判斷。例如實證研究表示,人類做「係咪要食煙」嘅決策嗰時,會或多或少噉憑住「有幾常聽到有人因為肺癌而死」嘅記憶—呢個過程明顯能夠受易搵度捷思法左右—嚟作出「我有幾大機會患上肺癌」嘅風險判斷。

睇埋

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引咗

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  1. Pearl, Judea (1983). Heuristics: Intelligent Search Strategies for Computer Problem Solving. New York, Addison-Wesley, p. vii.
  2. Myers, David G. (2010). Social psychology (Tenth ed.). New York, NY. p. 94.
  3. Slovic, P., Finucane, M., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2002). Rational actors or rational fools: Implications of the affect heuristic for behavioral economics. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 31(4), 329-342.
  4. Tversky, A., (1972). Elimination by aspects: a theory of choice. Psychological Review, 79, 281-299.
  5. Life's Extremes: Tightwads vs. Spendthrifts.

[編輯]
  • (英文) How To Solve It: Modern Heuristics, Zbigniew Michalewicz and David B. Fogel, Springer Verlag, 2000. ISBN 3-540-66061-5
  • (英文) Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-790395-2
  • (英文) The Problem of Thinking Too Much (PDF), 2002-12-11, Persi Diaconis.
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捷思法
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