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音素

音素粵拼jam1 sou3phoneme英文名可以做粵拼fung1 nim4),又叫音位,係音韻學術語,解做某特定語言入面可以有意義咁細分而分得最細嘅聲音單位,標音素嘅標音叫做寛式標音(phonemic transcription),會用一對斜線(/ /)括住。

音素嘅實際發音叫單音;喺一個語言入面,會有啲單音,如果用咗第個單音,唔會造成語義上嘅差別,爾啲喺嗰隻話聽落冇分別嘅單音叫同位音allophones),所有同位音構成嘅就係音素,另外有啲學者將音素理解做某個單音嘅理想發音,但係唔係個個都咁恁[1]:78–79

例如,喺日文,「が」(ga)開頭嘅子音 g 可以讀 [g](gaa1),亦都可以讀 [ŋ](ngaa1),喺母音之前,單音 [g] 同單音 [ŋ] 嘅分別喺日文並冇意義,所以喺日文係同一個音素,可以用 /g/ 代表。

音素同語音嘅分別可以用來簡化某種特定語言嘅標音系統,粵語嘅黃錫凌式音標就係一個例字。

概論

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唔同語言喺音素上可以好唔同:例如廿一世紀初嘅英文有分 [l](例如 lice)同 [r](例如 rice)呢兩種聲,而廿一世紀初嘅日本話就冇噉嘅區分,淨係得 [ɽ](有少少似 [l] 又有少少似 [r])噉嘅音素,搞到以日本話做母語嘅人學英文嗰陣成日都分唔清 [l][r] 呢兩隻聲[2]。事實係語言之間喺音素上嘅差異係學語言嘅一大障礙-啲人學語言嗰陣成日都會遇到一種情況,就係有啲語音係 L2 會分但 L1 唔會分嘅(嗰兩隻語音喺 L1 裏面屬同一隻音素),搞到學習者分唔到好多 L2 會分嘅字詞。

中和

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中和(neutralization)指緊嘅,係話兩段原則上音素唔同嘅音節,因為語流音變嘅緣故而變到冇咗差異。一對有差異嘅音素,可能喺某啲環境下會冇咗差異。

組合

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語音組合(phonotactics)係講緊一隻語言對於「啲音位可以點樣組合」所作出嘅限制[4][5]:是但搵一隻語言嚟睇,嗰隻語言實會有若干個音位,不過啲音位嘅組合並唔係任意點擺都得嘅,淨係得一部份嘅音位組合係「可以接受」。舉具體例子說明,用國際音標標示語音:

  • 廿一世紀初嘅粵語:粵語可以有 /s/(例: · /sɛ:˥/)同 /m/(例: · /mɛ:˥/)呢啲輔音,但係粵語嘅語音組合唔容許 /sm/ 噉嘅開頭輔音,所以如果一個人讀出 /smɔːl/ 噉嘅音節,聽者可以肯定佢唔係講緊粵語;
  • 廿一世紀初嘅英文[註 1]:同粵語比起嚟,英文比較多複輔音,可以容許 /sl/(例如 slow · /sləʊ/噉解)以及 /bl/(例如 blaze · /bleɪz/火焰噉解)等嘅開頭輔音組合,但係 /bn/ 並唔係英文語音組合容許嘅輔音組合—冇任何英文字詞嘅音節會有 /bn/ 噉嘅開頭輔音[6]:1.2

註解

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  1. Akmajian, Adrian; Demers, Richard A.; Farmer, Ann K.; Harnish, Robert M. (1990). Linguistics: An introduction to language and communication (第3版). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  2. 5.1 How Babies Learn the Phoneme Categories of Their Language. Essentials of Linguistics. Open Library.
  3. Aoyama, Katsura; Flege, James Emil; Guion, Susan; Akahane-Yamada, Reiko; Yamada, Tsuneo (2004), "Perceived phonetic dissimilarity and L2 speech learning: the case of Japanese /r/ and English /l/ and /r/", Journal of Phonetics, 32 (2): 233-250.
  4. Syllables and Phonotactics (PDF), UMass.
  5. Lecture 9 Phonology: syllable structure and phonotactics.
  6. Odden, D. (2013). Introducing phonology. Cambridge University Press.

註釋

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  1. 呢度係講緊主流嘅英式英文美式英文,(例如)美國嘅某啲偏遠地區可能會有一啲英文方言,係同主流美式英文明顯有異嘅。

睇埋

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  • 浮動音
  • 希臘語詞素
  • 詞形學
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