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Tex-Mex

现代的Tex-Mex菜肴

德州-墨西哥菜德墨菜(英语:Tex-Mex)是一种美国菜,得名于德州式(Texan)和墨西哥式(Mexican)的的缩写。该菜系起源于得克萨斯州德哈诺人的菜肴,现已流行于美国全国。其可以归类于美国西南部饮食英语Cuisine of the Southwestern United States[1][2][3]

特点

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1939年圣安东尼奥,正在贩售焗豆墨西哥薄饼

Tex-Mex菜肴的特点是大量使用碎起士、豆类、肉类(尤其是鸡肉、牛肉和猪肉)、辣椒和香料,以及面粉薄饼。有的菜肴则不使用墨西哥薄饼,例如墨西哥烤肉(Fajita)。

相比墨西哥菜,Tex-Mex菜肴更多地使用起士,例如Chile con queso英语Chile con queso即为一道墨西哥玉米片蘸融化起士的菜。[4]此外,Tex-Mex菜肴还会使用一些墨西哥菜中不常见的香料,例如孜然,它是由西班牙移民从加那利群岛引进得克萨斯的。[5]

历史

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Tex-Mex菜肴起源于德哈诺人,即墨西哥血统的得克萨斯人。得克萨斯曾是新西班牙和后来墨西哥的一部分,他们的菜肴结合了墨西哥本土菜和西班牙菜的特点。从圣安东尼奥、下格兰德河谷、艾尔帕索之间德的得克萨斯南部地区,这些菜肴都大致相同,且受到邻近的墨西哥北部各州烹饪方式的影响。牧场遍布得克萨斯南部和墨西哥北部,因而牛肉、烧烤和玉米饼一直是常见且受欢迎的食品。[6]20世纪,随着美国产品变得廉价且易得,Tex-Mex菜肴开始采用切达起士杰克起士菜椒起士英语Pimento cheese等美国化的食材。

术语

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TexMex(无连字符)一词最早来自得克萨斯墨西哥铁路的缩写。[7]在1920年代,美国报纸使用Tex-Mex(有连字符)一词来表示有墨西哥血统的得克萨斯人。[7][8]

1960年,美国出版社和报业的文章中开始用Tex-Mex来指代一类食谱,包括了辣豆酱安吉拉卷。食谱还建议使用玉米面薄煎饼代替墨西哥薄饼,因为当时得州以外的美国人难以获得墨西哥薄饼。[9][10]牛津英语词典的收录中,头两次用于指代菜肴的TexMex的文章来自1963年的纽约时报杂志和1966年的堪萨斯Great Bend每日论坛报的文章。[11] 美食作家Diana Kennedy在其1972年出版的《墨西哥美食》书中解释了墨西哥菜和美国化墨西哥菜之间的区别。[12]

图片集

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相关条目

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  • 墨西哥饮食
  • 美国饮食
  • 参考文献

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    1. ^ Walsh, Robb. The Tex-Mex Cookbook XVI. New York: Broadway Books. 2004. 
    2. ^ Feniger, Susan; Siegel, Helene; Miliken, Mary Sue. Mexican Cooking for Dummies. Scranton: Courage Books. 2002. 
    3. ^ Martinez, Etienne. Mexicans in the U.S.A: Mexican-American / Tex-Mex Cousine. Lightmillennium.org. [14 October 2017]. (原始内容存档于2016-10-01). 
    4. ^ Goodgame, Dan. Recipe: Chile con Queso – Texas Monthly. Texasmonthly.com. 15 July 2013 [2019-03-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-14). 
    5. ^ Jennifer Steinhauer. If It's Chili, It's Personal. The New York Times. 10 February 2014 [6 January 2015]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-14). it was Canary Islanders who brought a taste for it in heavy doses 
    6. ^ McCarron, Meghan. Everything You Know About Tex-Mex Is Wrong. Eater. 7 March 2018 [2018-06-13]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-17). 
    7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Pruitt, Sarah. Tracing the History of Tex-Mex. HISTORY. [2019-10-04]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-14) (英语). 
    8. ^ Tex-Mex. Mexia Evening News (Mexia, Texas). 23 May 1922. 
    9. ^ Spallone, Roz. Miss New York State's crown just 'old hat' to family. Binghamton Press. 20 May 1960: 15 [16 Mar 2021]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-14). 
    10. ^ 6 Oct 1960, 32 - The Record at Newspapers.com. Newspapers.com. [2021-02-20]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-14) (英语). 
    11. ^ Oxford English Dictionary entry for Tex-Mex: 1963 N.Y. Times Mag. 11 Aug 50/1 Star of the evening was her Texas or Tex-Mex chili. 1966 Great Bend (Kansas) Daily Tribune 19 Oct 5/4 It's too bad that it has become known as ‘chili powder’ because some homemakers may associate it only with the preparation of ‘Tex-Mex’ dishes.
    12. ^ Walsh, Robb. Mama's Got a Brand-new Bag. Houstonpress.com. 28 September 2000 [14 October 2017]. (原始内容存档于2015-02-12). 
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    Tex-Mex
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