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电子伏特

电子伏特(英语:electron volt),简称电子伏或一颗电子的带电量,符号为eV,为能量单位。代表一带电荷量为1.602 176 634 x 10−19库仑电子[1]真空中通过 1 伏特电位差所产生的动能[2][3]。电子伏与SI制的能量单位焦耳(J)的换算关系是:

1 eV = 1.602176634×10−19 J[4]

电子伏特与其它物理量之间的关系

Measurement Unit SI value of unit
能量 eV 1.602176634×10−19 J
质量 eV/c2 1.78266192×10−36 kg
动量 eV/c 5.34428599×10−28 kg·m/s
温度 eV/kB 1.160451812×104 K
时间 ħ/eV 6.582119×10−16 s
距离 ħc/eV 1.97327×10−7 [m]

质量

爱因斯坦提出能量等价于质量,即著名的质能等价。在粒子物理的应用中,质量和能量常可互换,使用eV/c²或甚至直接使用eV作为质量的单位(后者的使用时机:把光速C设为不具单位的1)。

换算关系如下式:


举例而言,一个电子及一个正子(电子的反粒子),都具有0.511 MeV/c2的质量,对撞湮灭后足以产生1.022 MeV的能量。而质子,一个标准的重子,具有0.938 GeV/c2的质量

温度

在某些领域,例如等离子物理学中,即可使用电子伏特及波兹曼常数来表达绝对温度,即:

其中,kB波兹曼常数 ;K是开尔文 ;J是焦耳

然而,电子伏特与开尔文量綱实际上并不相同,这种记法常用于粒子物理学等领域,仅仅是为了方便而已。

参考文献

  1. ^ The NIST Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty:elementary charge. (原始内容存档于2020-11-22). 
  2. ^ Prof. George Lebo, University of Florida. NASA SCIENCE:definition of an electron volt. (原始内容存档于2021-05-17) (英语). 
  3. ^ 法定度量衡單位及其所用之倍數、分數之名稱、定義及代號修正規定 (PDF). [2019-01-14]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2020-01-14) (中文(繁体)). 
  4. ^ The NIST Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty. (原始内容存档于2021-04-21). 

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电子伏特
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