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O型主序星

O型主序星(O V) 是是光谱为O,亮度为V,在主序带燃烧)上的恒星。这类恒星的质量是太阳的15至90倍太阳质量(理论值,实际观测有光等超过这一范围的),表面温度在30,000至52,000 K[1][2]。这一类恒星非常罕见,估计在整个银河系中只有20,000颗[3]。例子包括参宿增一A(猎户座σA)和车府增十一(蝎虎座10)[4][5]。目前已观测到的质量最大(推测)O型主序星为Melnick 42英语Melnick 42,约189倍太阳质量。由于天文学中专有名词较多,光度分类和演化过程分类中较大的恒星均称作“巨星”,可能造成读者的混淆。比如,天文学家将Melnick 42按光度分类称为“亮巨星”,却不是超巨星

光谱的标准星

在MK分类系统中"锚定"的O型主序星标准星,自20世纪初选定以来未曾更改过。它们是四渎增一(麒麟座15,O7 V)和车府增十一(蝎虎座10,O9 V)[6] The Morgan–Keenan–Kellerman (MKK) "Yerkes" atlas from 1943 listed O-type standards between O5 and O9, but only split luminosity classes for the O9s.[7][翻译请求]。在MKK O9 V的两颗标准星是伐三(猎户座ι)和车府增十一。詹森摩根(1953年)修订后的耶基斯标准("MK")[8],迄今也未曾变更O5至O8的标准星,列出5颗O9 V的标准星(HD 46202HD 52266HD 57682造父增一(仙王座14)、车府增十一)和3颗O9.5 V的标准星(HD 34078参宿增一天市右垣十一(蛇夫座ζ))。摩根和基南英语Philip Childs Keenan(1973年)对光谱分类做过重要的再检查[9],增列“订正的MK”O4到O7标准星,但没有突破亮度分类的标准。这次的再检查还列出主序星车府增十一(蝎虎座10,O9 V)和参宿增一(猎户座σ,O9.5 V)的"dagger标准"。

直到1970年代,早于O5的O型亮度的子分类都未定义出标准星。摩根、Abt英语Helmut Abt、和泰普史考特(1978年)的光谱图集[10]定义出了几个O型主序(亮度类型V)的标准,列出如下:︰HD 46223(O4 V)、HD 46150(O5 V)、HD 199579(O6 V)、HD 47839(O7 V)、HD 46149(O8 V)、和HD 46202(O9 V)。Walborn和Fitzpartrick(1990年)[11]为OB型恒星提供了第一份数码化的光谱图集,并且包括O3 V(HD 303308)的主序标准。Walborn等人(2002年)定义光谱类型O2的标准,以BI 253做为O2 V的基本标准星(实际的类型为"O2 V((f*))")。他们也重新定义HDE 303308是O4 V的标准星,并列出新的O3 V标准星(HD 64568和LH 10-3058)。O3 V的有效温度可能接近50,000K[12]

性质

这些都是罕见的天体;估计在整个银河系中的O型星不超过20,000 [13],仅占恒星数量的千万分之一。O型主序星的质量介于15和90 M之间,表面温度从30,000到50,000K。它们的全波段光度介于30,000和 1,000,000 L之间;半径在10 R左右,表面重力是地球的10,000倍;对主序星而言是相对较低的。绝对星等从比太阳亮3,400倍的-4等,到比太阳亮18,000倍的-5.8等[14][15]

O型星都很年轻,年龄都只有数百万年的岁月。在我们的银河系中,它们都有大约是太阳两倍的高金属量 [14]。在大麦哲伦星系的O型主序星金属量较低,但值得注意的是它们明显的有较高的温度,主要的原因是质量的流失率较低[16]。最亮的O型星,每年的质量损失率超过 一百万 M,光度较低的恒星质量损失就低得多。它们的恒星风终端速度大约在2,000 km/s[17]

其它著名的O型主序星

相关条目

参考资料

  1. ^ Tables 1 and 4, Fabrice Martins, Daniel Schaerer, and D. John Hiller. A new calibration of stellar parameters of Galactic O stars. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2005, 436: 1049–1065. Bibcode:2005A&A...436.1049M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042386. 
  2. ^ Table 5, William D. Vacca, Catharine D. Garmany, and J. Michael Shull. The Lyman-Continuum Fluxes and Stellar Parameters of O and Early B-Type Stars. Astrophysical Journal. April 1996, 460: 914–931. Bibcode:1996ApJ...460..914V. doi:10.1086/177020. 
  3. ^ Scientists Begin To Tease Out A Hidden Star's Secrets页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), ScienceDaily, July 27, 1998. Accessed on line November 13, 2007.
  4. ^ BD-02 1326A页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), SIMBAD query result. Accessed on line November 13, 2007.
  5. ^ 10 Lac页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), SIMBAD query result. Accessed on line November 13, 2007.
  6. ^ A Hierarchy of Standards for the MK Process页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) R.F. Garrison, 1994, The MK process at 50 years, ASP Conf. Series Vol. 60, p. 3
  7. ^ [1]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) AN ATLAS OF STELLAR SPECTRA WITH AN OUTLINE OF SPECTRAL CLASSIFICATION, W.W. Morgan, P.C. Keenan & E. Kellman, 1943, Chicago, Ill., The University of Chicago press
  8. ^ Fundamental stellar photometry for standards of spectral type on the revised system of the Yerkes spectral atlas页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Johnson, H. L.; Morgan, W. W., 1953, Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 117, p. 313
  9. ^ Spectral Classification页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Morgan, W. W.; Keenan, P. C., 1973, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 11, p. 29
  10. ^ Revised MK Spectral Atlas for stars earlier than the sun页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), W.W. Morgan, W. W., H.A. Abt, J.W. Tapscott, 1978, Williams Bay: Yerkes Observatory, and Tucson: Kitt Peak National Observatory
  11. ^ Contemporary optical spectral classification of the OB stars – A digital atlas页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Walborn, Nolan R.; Fitzpatrick, Edward L., 1990, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, vol. 102, April 1990, p. 379-411.
  12. ^ A New Spectral Classification System for the Earliest O Stars: Definition of Type O2页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Walborn, Nolan R.; Howarth, Ian D.; Lennon, Daniel J.; Massey, Philip; Oey, M. S.; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; Skalkowski, Gwen; Morrell, Nidia I.; Drissen, Laurent; Parker, Joel Wm., 2002, The Astronomical Journal, Volume 123, Issue 5, pp. 2754–2771
  13. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为sciencedaily的参考文献提供内容
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 引用错误:没有为名为martins的参考文献提供内容
  15. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为vacca的参考文献提供内容
  16. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为lmc的参考文献提供内容
  17. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为martins2004的参考文献提供内容


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O型主序星
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