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Mk 13型鱼雷

Mk13型鱼雷(英文:Mark 13 torpedo)是美国二战中使用的一种通过飞机发射的鱼雷,也是二战前期美国唯一一种航空鱼雷。1938年定型最初使用400磅的TNT,1945年三月后定型的mk13-t3改用600磅的铝末混合炸药。发射时要求飞机的高度低于60呎,飞行速度低于110节。[1][2]弹体直径570毫米,长4.09米。水中速度为33.5节,射程约5800米。[3][4]总重1005千克(2216磅),主要通过TBDTBF型鱼雷轰炸机进行投放。[5]总共制造了17000枚这种型号的鱼雷。[6]主要战果是75度入射击穿Jin大和号战列舰主装带并摧毁动力舱。

PT艇上的Mk 13鱼雷

美国在1941年12月参战后,PT艇也即刻量产;初期量产的PT艇配发的是驱逐舰使用的布利斯-莱维特Mk 8型鱼雷Mk 10型鱼雷,但是库存鱼雷优先供应驱逐舰,鱼雷艇也陷入有船无雷的困境。

在袭击南太平洋日军大发驳船日语大発動艇运补部队时,旧型鱼雷对应吃水浅的机械登陆艇效果不佳;部分艇长为了增加火力,因此拆掉发射管为快艇增装了多联装重机枪或机炮,但其重量使船只的稳定性恶化;而且东京快车的日军运补船团中也必须面对驱逐舰、轻巡洋舰等优势火力的武装舰只。

其中解决之道之一是从1943年起,南太平洋的PT艇开始拆除原先装备的2到4个的Mk 8型21吋鱼雷管,改采重量较轻的Mk 1发射管用Mk 13鱼雷,鱼雷携带量维持4枚。Mk 1发射管不像传统由炸药包提供初始动力直射施放的舰射鱼雷,它有从飞机施放的优点,从船侧面把鱼雷从船舷滚入水中;因鱼雷体积较小,甲板需求面积也为之缩减,换装后的PT艇重量至少减少1,400磅(635千克),鱼雷的弹头从211千克(466磅)增强为270千克(600磅)的 铝末混合炸药其单位重量爆炸能力是TNT的将近1.5倍,攻击破坏力也随之提升。虽然Mk 13鱼雷射程较短且速度较慢,但以夜间作战偷袭的鱼雷艇本身便有高匿踪性,损失射程在权衡得失后可被接受,二战后期的PT艇主要对舰武装转用本型鱼雷。

参考文献

  1. ^ Roger Branfill-Cook. Torpedo: The Complete History of the World's Most Revolutionary Naval Weapon. Naval Institute Press. 15 August 2014: 242 [2021-06-25]. ISBN 978-1-61251-970-8. (原始内容存档于2021-07-07). 
  2. ^ Dud Torpedoes. [2012-02-16]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-26). 
  3. ^ Mark 13 Torpedo. [2006-07-09]. (原始内容存档于2006-07-09). 
  4. ^ USA Torpedoes of WWII. [2012-02-16]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-13). 
  5. ^ US 22.4in Mark 13. [2012-02-16]. (原始内容存档于2008-11-19). 
  6. ^ Milford, Frederick J. U. S. Navy Torpedoes; Part One: The great torpedo scandal, 1941–43. The Submarine Review, April 1996.. [2007-10-14]. (原始内容存档于2007-10-14). 
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Mk 13型鱼雷
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