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#MeToo

在推特上发起“我也是”运动的女演员艾莉莎·米兰诺

#我也是(英语:#MeToo)是2017年10月哈维·韦恩斯坦性骚扰事件后在社交媒体上广泛传播的一个主题标签,用于谴责性侵犯性骚扰行为。[1][2][3]社会运动人士塔拉纳·伯克英语Tarana Burke在此之前数年便开始使用这一短语,后经女演员艾莉莎·米兰诺的传播而广为人知。米兰诺鼓励女性在推特上公开被侵犯的经历,以使人们能认识到这些行为的普遍性。[4][5]自此之后,数百万人使用了这一标签来公开她们的不快经历,其中也包括许多知名人士。[6][7]

起源

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社会活动人士与社区组织者塔拉纳·伯克于2006年在聚友网上最早使用了“我也是(Me Too)”这一短语。[8]当时伯克发起了一场草根运动,在被性侵犯的有色人种、特别是底层女性中推广“用同理心实现赋权”(empowerment through empathy),而“我也是”便是这场运动的一部分。[4][9][10][11][12]目前伯克正在制作一部名为《我也是》的纪录片。她提到,那时有一位13岁的少女向她倾诉曾遭受的性侵犯,而她当时不知该如何回应。这一经历启发她开始使用“我也是”一词,她说她希望当时能用这个词来回应那位少女。[8]

2017年10月15日,女演员艾莉莎·米兰诺在推特上鼓励女性尽可能地传播这个词,使人们能意识到该问题的严重性与普通性。当时她写到:“如果所有被性骚扰或侵犯过的女性都能发一条‘我也是’的状态,那人们或许能认识到这个问题的重要性。”[13][14][15][6][4]米兰诺后来提到她是受到了伯克的启发,还说伯克的故事“感人至深、鼓舞人心”。[8]

影响

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仅10月15日“#我也是”就在推特上出现了超过20万次[16],到次日更是超过了50万次。[1]脸书上,最初的24小时内就有470万人在1200万条状态中提到了该标签。[7]据脸书统计,45%的美国用户至少有一个朋友发布了带该标签的状态。[17]

有数以万计的女性回复了米兰诺的推特,其中包括:[18]

此外,泰瑞·克鲁斯[42]詹姆斯·范·德·比克[43]布兰登‧费雪[44][45]等男性亦表示他们同样有过被性骚扰的经历。而另一些男性则通过标签“我会如何改变”(HowIWillChange)来承认他们有过对女性的无礼行为。[13]同时,伊丽莎白·普兰克英语Elizabeth Plank则创造了标签“然而他”(HimThough)。[46]

好莱坞之外,“我也是”宣言还引发了音乐界[23]、科学界[47]、学术界[48]、政界[49]等各个领域对性骚扰与性虐待的广泛讨论。如在音乐圈中,乐团Veruca Salt英语Veruca Salt使用该标签指控詹姆斯·托贝克英语James Toback的性骚扰行径[50],而爱丽丝·格拉斯英语Alice Glass则声称她原先在音乐组合水晶城堡英语Crystal Castles (band)的同伴伊森·凯斯英语Ethan Kath对其有侵犯行为。[51][52]

加利福尼亚州、伊利诺伊州、俄勒冈州与罗德岛州的州议会分别回应了在竞选中出现的性骚扰指控。[53]一些政界女性则讲述了她们遭遇过的性骚扰,其中包括联邦参议员海迪·海特坎普广野庆子克蕾儿·麦卡斯基伊丽莎白·沃伦[49]联邦众议员杰基·斯贝尔则发起了一项提案,旨在简化国会中告发性骚扰的流程。[54]

2017年11月12日,数百人在好莱坞参与了“还我职场游行”(Take Back the Workplace March)与“#我也是幸存者游行”(#MeToo Survivors March),以抗议性侵犯行为。[55]

11月16日,纽约州联邦参议员陆天娜在被问到总统唐纳德·特朗普、前总统比尔·克林顿、参议员艾尔·弗兰肯以及罗伊·摩尔等政界人物被指控有不当行为时,特别提到了“我也是”运动。[56]

国际反应

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此一标签已在全球最少85个国家中使用[57],包括印度、巴基斯坦和英国。法国则出现了这一短语的变种——“BalanceTonPorc”(直译为“揭发你的色猪”)[58],用以鼓励用户对外公开涉嫌性侵犯与性骚扰者的姓名[59]。“#我也是”对应的西班牙语为“#YoTambién”;加拿大法语地区则以“#MoiAussi”这一标签参与这场运动。以色列当地的同意标签为以希伯来语写成的“גםאנחנו#”(#我们也是),其在2017年10月18日因登上当地报纸《新新闻报》而开始流行[58]

欧洲议会欧盟布鲁塞尔办公室发生的骚扰行为被爆出后,欧洲议会召开了一次会议以回应“我也是”运动。欧盟贸易专员塞西莉亚·马尔姆斯特伦英语Cecilia Malmström特别提到了该标签是召开此次会议的原因。[60]在英国,内阁办公厅启动了一项对保守党籍下议院议员马克·加尼尔的调查。加尼尔被指控让其秘书帮他的妻子与情妇购买情趣用品。[61]

#HimToo

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随着#MeToo运动的流行,相关的主题标签#HimToo跟着出现。即使最早可以追溯到2015年,而且最初是和政治或非正式的信息相关,#HimToo在2017年得到了与#MeToo有关连的新意义,用于强调性骚扰和性虐待中的男性受害者,而其他人用它来强调男性罪犯。在2018年九月和十月,美国最高法院布雷特·卡瓦诺提名期间的性侵犯指控发出之时,#HimToo变成被卡瓦诺的支持者使用,和用于强调被谎报性侵所害的男性受害者。[62][63]

批评

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有批评意见称这一标签让被性骚扰与性侵犯的受害者负起了将这些行为公开化的责任,而这可能会使受害者再度遭到心理创伤[64][65][66][67]还有意见则称这个标签只是简单地激起了愤怒,使人们无法进行有更有意义的交流。[68][69]伯克最初批评这项运动忽视了黑人女性为针对性骚扰问题所做的工作。不过,她还是向参与该运动的人们致敬,并对米兰诺能认可她发起的类似运动表达了赞许。[9]

意图不明

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一些女权主义者和女性抨击了这个运动。[70][71]

关于这个运动是要改变全部或是一部分的男性,还有什么行动才是这个运动的行为目标有些争论。[72]另外一些女性指出#MeToo应该只用于检验最糟糕的侵犯类型,以避免将所有男性分类成犯罪者,或是造成大众对问题的麻木。[72][73]

矫枉过正

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一名律师和获奖记者理查德‧阿克兰英语Richard Ackland叙述对诽谤的反应会导致“令人窒息的诉讼漩涡”。[74]

言论提到这些不论严酷与否的结果,实际上是被允许的不当行为特例。[73][75][76]有一个特别引发两派争论的故事在2018年1月18日刊载于Babe.net英语The_Tab#babe,一名匿名者控诉她和阿兹‧安萨里的约会细节并发生了性侵犯吉儿‧菲利波维奇英语Jill Filipovic卫报的文章中写道:“我们发表一个举止恶劣之男的轰动故事只是时间的问题,但仍然不是一次性侵犯。”[77][78][79]

一些演员曾为了这个运动的拥护者不区分不同等级的性侵犯而警告他们。麦特·戴蒙曾经在采访中为这个现象做出批评,而随后道歉,说:“给男人和年轻人的明白信息是,拒绝它。因为如果你替你做过的事承担责任,你的人生将会被摧毁。”[80]随后连姆·尼森发表意见指出,一些被指控的男性,包含加里森·凯勒英语Garrison Keillor达斯汀·贺夫曼,被不公平地对待。[81]亨利·卡维尔在接受《GQ》杂志采访时提到恐怕在#MeToo潮流下,“男人追求女人,其实是一件很美妙的事情,这其实也是一种传统方式,挺不错的。女人应当被追求,也许我太老派了,才会这么想。……我担心在#MeToo潮流下,男人恐怕不敢这么做了,因为怕被当成强奸犯看。”此言一出立即引发社交媒体争论,卡维尔随后就其言论做出了公开道歉。[82]

2019年的LeanIn.Org英语LeanIn.OrgSurveyMonkey调查显示,百分之六十的男性经理回答他们在工作场所教导女性、与女性进行社交,以及和女性一对一会面时,感到“太过于紧张”。[83][84][85]根据彭博新闻社报道,华尔街的男性管理人员因为惧怕被指控性骚扰,开始流行“彭斯规则”(Pence rule,也称“葛培理规则”),即尽一切可能避免与女性相处[86]。《石英财经网》也报道因为#MeToo运动在韩国企业中出现也导致“彭斯规则”的盛行,导致男性员工宁可用依赖短信电子邮件也不愿和女性同事面对面直接交流[87]雪莉·桑德伯格为此声明担心女性会因此无法接触导师而失去事业升迁的机会,并发起#MentorHer运动呼吁职场男性不要因为惧怕性侵指控而疏远女性[88]

2019年在由爱思唯尔出版的期刊组织动态研究显示,男人们显著地更不愿意与他们的女性同事互动了。例子包含百分之二十七的男人避免与女性同事进行一对一会面,百分之二十一的男人说他们不愿意在需要近距离接触(例如出差)的职位雇用女性,还有百分之十九的男人不愿意雇用外貌出众的女性。[89][90]

事实查核

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有关控诉者在事实查核之前都应该被相信的部分引发了讨论。有些人疑惑被控诉者是否在经过正当法律程序确认他们的罪行之前就先被公开了。[73][75][76]

许多评论家指出谎报性侵的数量被高估了,引述美国司法部和其他组织的数据评估出谎报性侵英语False accusation of rape大约有2-10%。[91]包含男孩的母亲在内许多女性使用#ProtectOurBoys来谴责她们所认为的谎报性侵案件。[92]

2017年11月30日,伊吉欧玛·欧路欧英语Ijeoma Oluo展示了她从今日美国收到的内容,要求她写出一篇正当法律程序对性侵犯指控是不必要的争论。她拒绝了,表示:“我理所当然相信正当法律程序”,并写下要求她“成为他们的稻草人”的信件是虚伪的。[93]

2018年9月21日,唐纳德·特朗普控诉凯瑞斯汀·布莱西·福特编造她对美国现任最高法院大法官布雷特·卡瓦诺的指控,表示如果她的故事是真的,她会在这件事发生的时候就对他提出报告。这是一种对#MeToo运动和自称的性侵害受害者等人的常见争论。[94]

2018年10月11日,美国总统唐纳德·特朗普的妻子梅拉尼娅·特朗普表示,对男人提出性虐待告诉的女人应该要有支持他们主张的确实证据。[95]

过度强调个案

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#MeToo运动因为将过多公众注意力放在被控告性侵犯的特定个人,而非讨论能帮助现在正遭受性虐待之人的政策或制度规范而饱受批评。[96]

参见

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性相关丑闻
女权主义
其它

参考文献

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