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MHC Ⅰ类分子

MHC I类分子
MHC I类分子的结构简图
鉴定
标志MHC class I
膜蛋白数据库英语Membranome63

MHC I类分子(MHC class I),为两种MHC(主要组织相容性复合物)分子之一,能够与长8-13氨基酸残基的内源性段结合,并将之呈递到细胞表面。MHCⅠ类分子由一条较长的重链(α链)和一条较短的轻链(β)组成。MHCⅠ类分子的轻链又称为β-2微球蛋白(β2m),并非由MHC基因编码。人β2m由15号染色体上的B2M基因编码(人HLA(在人体内MHC称为HLA人类白血球抗原(Human Leukocyte Antigen)基因位于6号染色体上)[1][2]。属于第一类MHC的HLA(HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C),MHCⅠ类分子的功能为呈递内源性抗原,并激活CD8+ T细胞(细胞毒性T细胞,CTL)。

MHC Ⅱ类分子不同,MHCⅠ类分子在哺乳动物的大部分细胞中都有分布。[3]。可以将MHCⅠ类分子比作细胞的“告示板”,它能够将细胞内肽(蛋白质)的合成情况展示给CD8+ T细胞,如果后者检测到不正常之处(如细胞感染病毒时,病毒的蛋白质就会被MHCⅠ类分子呈递到细胞表面),CD8+ T细胞就会将这个细胞杀死[4]

产生途径

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MHCⅠ类分子的产生途径简图

人体蛋白质合成过程中,会产生大量“无用”(如错误折叠)的蛋白质,这些蛋白质会被蛋白酶体水解,产生大量的小肽段。之后,内质网上的TAP转运蛋白英语Transporter associated with antigen processing会将这些肽段转运到内质网腔内,之后,这些肽段会与MHCⅠ类分子前体组合,符合要求的肽段(8-13个氨基酸残基)会被装载到MHCⅠ类分子之上,之后,途径高尔基器,被运到细胞表面[4]

进化史

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已有研究表明[5] ,MHCⅠ类分子存在于所有现存有颔类脊椎动物基因组内,起源于有颔类的最近共同祖先,之后MHC1基因家族在物种形成中经历了许多不同的进化路径[6]

参考

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  1. ^ Suggs SV, Wallace RB, Hirose T, Kawashima EH, Itakura K. Use of synthetic oligonucleotides as hybridization probes: isolation of cloned cDNA sequences for human beta 2-microglobulin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. November 1981, 78 (11): 6613–7. PMC 349099可免费查阅. PMID 6171820. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.11.6613. 
  2. ^ Cunningham BA, Wang JL, Berggård I, Peterson PA. The complete amino acid sequence of beta 2-microglobulin. Biochemistry. November 1973, 12 (24): 4811–22. PMID 4586824. doi:10.1021/bi00748a001. 
  3. ^ 龚非力等. 醫學免疫學. 北京: 科学出版社. 2007: 64–67. ISBN 978-7-03-019179-3 (中文(简体)). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Lauren Sompayrac. How the Immune System Works. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2016: 43-44. ISBN 978-1-118-99777-2. 
  5. ^ Kulski, Jerzy K.; Shiina, Takashi; Anzai, Tatsuya; Kohara, Sakae; Inoko, Hidetoshi. Comparative genomic analysis of the MHC: the evolution of class I duplication blocks, diversity and complexity from shark to man. Immunological Reviews. 2002-12-01, 190: 95–122. ISSN 0105-2896. PMID 12493009. doi:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.19008.x. 
  6. ^ Azevedo, Luisa; Serrano, Catarina; Amorim, Antonio; Cooper, David N. Trans-species polymorphism in humans and the great apes is generally maintained by balancing selection that modulates the host immune response. Human Genomics. 2015-01-01, 9: 21 [2018-09-28]. ISSN 1479-7364. PMC 4559023可免费查阅. PMID 26337052. doi:10.1186/s40246-015-0043-1. (原始内容存档于2019-10-18). 
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MHC Ⅰ类分子
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