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分类:清朝的塔.
自明清两代开始,逐渐产生了文峰塔这一独特的类型,所谓文峰塔即各州城府县为改善本地风水而在特定位置修建的塔,其修建目的或为震慑妖孽或为了补全风水或作为该地的标志性建筑,文峰塔的出现使得明清两代出现了一个筑塔高潮,许多塔都是以文峰塔的形态出现的。
明清两代的佛塔基本沿袭了辽宋塔的形制,由于筑塔数量较多因而种类非常齐全,从楼阁式、密檐式、覆钵式、金刚宝座式等较为常见的形式到无缝式、宝箧印式等奇异的形式不一而足,尤以楼阁式塔为主流。明清塔大多为高大的砖仿木结构,石塔木塔均很少见,明清两代仿木结构砖塔对木构的模仿都非常精致细腻,不仅斗拱、椽、枋、额具全而且还出现了雁翅板、垂莲柱等结构;塔的建筑平面多为八角形、六角形和四方形;明清塔承袭了辽塔构筑基座的做法,随着塔在明清从宗教世界走向世俗社会,基座上浮雕的题材出现了相应的变化,不仅包括佛像、金刚、力士、护法天王等宗教题材,也出现了八仙过海、喜鹊登梅、二十四孝、魁星点斗等民间传统祈福题材。明清两代的佛塔或仿宋或仿辽,虽然建筑数量甚众但在建筑艺术和技术上并无大的突破,其成就远逊于辽宋两朝。
如上文所述,除了中规中矩的佛塔,明清两代还建造了大量文峰塔,文峰塔建筑形制多样,或如笔、或如楼、或矮胖如墩台,这些异形塔的出现极大地丰富了塔的建筑类型。
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