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文峰塔

文峰塔是一种主要用于祈祷文运昌盛的,是一种中国南部及越南的传统建筑。又称文昌塔文笔塔文光塔尚元塔巽峰塔等。[1]

文峰塔是随着风水学说的发展而出现的一种建筑,与佛教无关。《相宅经纂》中说:“凡都、省、州、县、乡村,文人不利,不发科甲者,宜于甲、巽、丙、丁四字方位择其吉地,立一文笔尖峰,只要高过别山,即发科甲;或于山上立文笔,或平地建高塔,皆为文笔峰。”文笔是一种形似倒立的笔的小建筑,多为石质,一般高三米左右。也有的地方如以天然的尖顶山峰作为文笔峰,如浙江永嘉芙蓉村。最常见的文笔峰还是文峰塔。[2]

如《相宅经纂》所说,建造文峰塔的目的主要是祈祷当地文运昌盛。其次文峰塔往往建于水口处,起到闭锁水口的作用。另外文峰塔建成后,往往成为当地的地标。

文峰塔分布很广,但主要在中国南方地区,也即风水学说兴盛、宗族势力强大的地区。北方相对要少,东北及西北地区更少。由于建塔费用高昂,一般只有富裕的村落才能负担得起。州县的文峰塔则由官方出资建造。[2]

文峰塔的建造位置和朝向以甲(东偏北)、巽(东南)、丙(南偏东)、丁(南偏西)四字方位为宜,在实际建设中,常受当地地形、水流方向的影响。最常见的方位在巽位,即东南方,如浙江建德新叶村的文峰塔即建于村东南,广州赤岗塔也位于城区的东南方向。九江地处长江之南,其文峰塔(锁江楼塔)建于城区东北的长江之滨,即处甲位。婺源县乐安江由北向南而来,其文峰塔建于丁峰上。[2]

文峰塔的样式来自于佛塔,多采用楼阁式塔或密檐式塔的外形,大的可以登临,小的则为实心。建筑材料以砖为多见。有些地方的文峰塔塔内还供有文昌帝君,这就综合了文昌阁的作用。

参考文献

  1. ^ 张驭寰. 中国塔. 山西人民出版社. 2000年. ISBN 7-203-04153-0. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 陈志华. 文教建筑. 生活·读书·新知三联书店. 2007: 34–35. ISBN 9787108026088. 
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文峰塔
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