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台风眼镜蛇

台风眼镜蛇
Typhoon Cobra(英文)
12月18日的台风眼镜蛇,这是人类历史上第二张雷达捕足的台风影像
12月18日的台风眼镜蛇,这是人类历史上第二张雷达捕足的台风影像
路径图
台风眼镜蛇的路径图
台风眼镜蛇的路径图
概况
形成日期1944年12月14日
消散日期1944年12月18日
最低气压924[1] hPa
影响
死伤人数790名美国海军士兵死亡,其他地方未知
影响地区菲律宾海
1944年太平洋台风季的一部分

台风眼镜蛇(英语:Typhoon Cobra),又被称为1944台风海尔赛台风是一个1944年太平洋台风季英语1944 Pacific typhoon season的一个热带气旋。它于1944年12月太平洋战争时吹袭菲律宾海,导致美国太平洋舰队中三艘驱逐舰沉没,790名士兵丧生,另外九艘战舰受损,数十架飞机由航空母舰被吹至海中。

美国海军第38特遣舰队当时在吕宋以东约300 mi(260 nmi;480 km)的菲律宾海执行任务,空袭位于菲律宾的日军机场,并为船只加油。当时美国第三舰队指挥官小威廉·海尔赛上将收到了错误的气象报告,令他误判情况,所有舰只都留在原地,他直到12月17日才下令驶进台风眼

目前资料显示,[2]这是1944年太平洋台风季英语1944 Pacific typhoon season第23个及最后已知形成的热带气旋。

气象历史

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12月17日,该台风首先被正在加油的美国第三舰队发现,[3][4]位于塞班岛美国陆军航空兵派出侦察机,发现该风暴正扑向第三舰队,估计风速高达140 kn(160 mph;72 m/s;260 km/h)。[3][4]当它接近舰队时,杜威号驱逐舰英语USS Dewey (DD-349)观察到气压低至27.3 inHg(924 hPa)。该风暴最后于12月18日观察到。

第38特遣舰队

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美国海军第38特遣舰队在支援盟军登陆民都洛后在外海补油,遇上台风,最终三艘驱逐舰(史班斯号英语USS Spence赫尔号英语USS Hull (DD-350)莫纳汉号英语USS Monaghan (DD-354))沉没,790人丧生,27艘船受损,11艘需要大修,损失146架飞机,蒙特利号科本斯号圣哈辛托号机库起火,蒙特利号要返回珍珠港维修。[5][6][7]

影响

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第三舰队在风暴吹袭时选择留在原地而非避风,造成大量人命及装备损失。其后在加罗林群岛乌利西环礁海军调查委员会英语Naval Board of Inquiry上,由34岁的贺伯特ˑKˑ盖兹(Herbet K Gates)上校担任法官的委员会认为海尔赛下令第三舰队驶向风暴中心时有判断出错,该委员会并没有提出任何处分,[8]美国太平洋舰队司令切斯特·威廉·尼米兹也有出席该委员会。[9]1945年1月,雷蒙德·斯普鲁恩斯上将接替海尔赛成为第三舰队司令。

这次风暴令美国海军开始建立气象预报系统,其后演变成联合台风警报中心[10][11][12]

参见

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参考资料

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  1. ^ Baldwin(1955年)
  2. ^ IBTrACS - International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. www.atms.unca.edu. [2022-12-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-02). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Bryson, Reid A. Typhoon Forecasting, 1944, or, The Making of a Cynic. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2000, 81 (10): 2393–2397. Bibcode:2000BAMS...81.2393B. doi:10.1175/1520-0477-81.10.2393. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Adamson, Hans Christian; Kosco, George F. Halsey's Typhoons. New York: Crown Publishers. 1967: 206. 
  5. ^ H-039-2: Typhoon Cobra Overview. H-Gram. No. 039. [2022-06-10]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-08). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  6. ^ Pacific Typhoon, 18 December 1944. Naval History and Heritage Command. [2022-06-10]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-08). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  7. ^ Extracts Relating to the Typhoon from Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet Report: Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944. Naval History and Heritage Command. [2022-06-10]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-08). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  8. ^ Drury & Clavin(2007年)第272页
  9. ^ Melton, Jr.(2007年)
  10. ^ en:Joint_Typhoon_Warning_Center, oldid 912501782[自我引用]
  11. ^ Affairs, This story was written by Lt Christopher Machado, Joint Typhoon Warning Center Public. Joint Typhoon Warning Center: Keeping the Fleet Safe. www.navy.mil. [2019-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2017-05-28) (英语). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  12. ^ art00388_JTWC-60anniv. www.public.navy.mil. [2019-09-05]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-05). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

来源

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  • Adamson, Hans Christian, George Francis Kosco. Halsey's Typhoons: A Firsthand Account of How Two Typhoons, More Powerful than the Japanese, Dealt Death and Destruction to Admiral Halsey's Third Fleet; New York: Crown Publishers; 1967
  • Baldwin, Hanson W., Sea Fights and Shipwrecks, Hanover House, 1955 
  • Brown, David. Warship Losses of World War II; Naval Institute Press; 1990; ISBN 1-55750-914-X
  • Calhoun, C. Raymond. Typhoon, the Other Enemy: The Third Fleet and the Pacific Storm of December 1944 ; Naval Institute Press; September 1981; ISBN 978-0870215100
  • Cressman, Robert J. The Official Chronology of the U. S. Navy in World War II; Naval Institute Press; 2000; ISBN 1-55750-149-1
  • Drury, Bob and Tom Clavin. "How Lieutenant Ford Saved His Ship"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), The New York Times, December 28, 2006
  • Drury, Bob; Clavin, Tom, Halsey's Typhoon: The True Story of a Fighting Admiral, an Epic Storm, and an Untold Rescue, Grove, 2007, ISBN 0-87113-948-0 ; ISBN 978-0-87113-948-1
  • Henderson, Bruce. Down to the Sea: An Epic Story of Naval Disaster and Heroism in World War II ; Collins; 2007; ISBN 0-06-117316-9
  • Melton, Jr., Buckner F., Sea Cobra, Admiral Halsey's Task Force and the Great Pacific Typhoon, Lyons Press, 2007, ISBN 1592289789 
  • Pawlowski, Gareth L. Flat-Tops and Fledglings; Gazelle Book Services Ltd, March 20, 1972; ISBN 978-0498076411
  • US Department of Commerce. "Northern Hemisphere Synoptic Weather Map index页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)" for 1944
  • US Naval Historical Foundation. "Lieutenant Gerald Ford and Typhoon Cobra页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)", February 7, 2013
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台风眼镜蛇
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