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集线器

4口以太网集线器

集线器(Ethernet hub)是指将多条以太网双绞线或光纤集合连接在同一段物理介质下的装置。集线器是运作在OSI模型中的物理层[1],可以让其链接的装置工作在同一网段。集线器上有多个I/O端口,信号从任意一个端口进入后,会从其他端口出现。[2]中继器(Repeater hub)也会参与冲突检测(collision detection),在检测到冲突时向所有端口转发拥塞信号。除了标准的8P8C(“RJ45”)水晶头,一些集线器也支持BNC或AUI(附加单元接口英语Attachment Unit Interface)来连接传统10BASE2或10BASE5网络。 [3][4][5]

由于集线器会把收到的任何数码信号,经过再生或放大,再从集线器的所有端口提交,这会造成信号之间碰撞的机会很大,而且信号也可能被窃听,并且这代表所有连到集线器的装置,都是属于同一个碰撞网域以及广播网域,因此大部分集线器已被交换机取代。

技术资讯

物理层功能

集线器相比于交换机更为简单,它可以被视作有多个端口的中继器,从一个端口接受位元位(或符号),再从其他端口提交[6]。它对物理层数据包有所感知,可以检测到其开始、挂起及冲突。在检测到冲突时会发送拥塞信号以传播这一事件。集线器不能对经过它的网络流量做更进一步地检查与管理:任何进入的数据包都会被广播到其他端口。集线器/中继器无法储存数据——数据包必须在接收时被发送,一旦发生冲突,就会丢包(发送端应当能够侦测到,并重新发送)。基于此,集线器只能以半双工模式工作。因此,由于冲突域英语collision domain更广,相比于使用更复杂的网络装置,使用集线器的数据网络更容易出现数据包冲突。 [1]

集线器的种类

  • 被动型集线器(Passive Hub),集线器不需连接电源,因此网络信号随距离衰减,只适用于短距离的网络连接。
  • 主动型集线器(Active Hub),集线器需连接电源,可加强信号强度(整波放大)。
  • 除此之外,有的集线器可能具有Up Link的插孔,可串接成树状局域网。

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Dean, Tamara. Network+ Guide to Networks. Delmar. 2010: 256–257. 
  2. ^ IEEE 802.3-2012 Clause 9.1
  3. ^ IEEE 802.3 9. Repeater unit for 10 Mb/s baseband networks
  4. ^ IEEE 802.3 27. Repeater unit for 100 Mb/s baseband networks
  5. ^ IEEE 802.3 41. Repeater unit for 1000 Mb/s baseband networks
  6. ^ Hallberg, Bruce. Networking: A Beginner's Guide, Fifth Edition. McGraw Hill. 2010: 68–69. 

外部链接

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集线器
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