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波特率

电子通讯领域,波特(Baud)即调制速率,指的是有效数据讯号调制载波的速率,即单位时间内载波调制状态变化的次数。它是对符号传输速率的一种度量,1波特即指每秒传输1个符号,而透过不同的调制方式,可以在一个码元符号上负载多个bit位信号。[1]“波特”(Baud)本身已是速率,所以不需要写成 Baud Rate(Rate 是赘字)。单位“波特”本身就已经是代表每秒的调制数,以“波特每秒”(Baud per second)为单位是一种常见的错误,但是在一般中文口语化的沟通上还是常以“波特率”来描述“波特”(Baud)。

波特Baud,单位符号:Bd)这一单位是以法国电讯工程师埃米尔·博多英语Émile Baudot(1845-1903)的姓氏来命名的,他是电传博多式电报机的发明人[2],数码通讯的先驱之一。

波特率计算

波特率有时候会同位元率混淆[3],实际上后者是对资讯传输速率(传信率)的度量。波特率可以被理解为单位时间内传输符号的个数(传符号率),通过不同的调制方法可以在一个符号上负载多个位元资讯。因此资讯传输速率即位元率在数值上和波特率有这样的关系:

其中I 为传信率,S 为波特率N 为每个符号负载的资讯量,而位元为单位。因此只有在每个符号只代表一个位元资讯的情况、或一些简单的调制方式下,例如基带二进制信号、或Bell 103或CCITT V.21(左列两种均为FSK)调制方式等,波特率与位元率才在数值上相等,但是它们的意义并不相同。

范例

以RS232为例

典型的“波特率”是300, 1200, 2400, 9600, 19200, 38400, 115200等,假设目前“波特率”为 9600, 则此RS232的位元率计算为

常有人把RS232之N 误以为是每个“符号”(symbol)所夹带的讯息量为,但实际上每一个“位元”(bit)即为一个“符号”(symbol)

以正交幅度调制为例

正交幅度调制(QAM)为例,常见的QAM形式有16-QAM、64-QAM、256-QAM等,假设目前QAM为16-QAM且波特率为 1000,则此QAM的位元率计算为

参见

参考资料与附注

  1. ^ What’s The Difference Between Bit Rate And Baud Rate?. Electronic Design. 2012-04-27 [2018-01-18]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-30). 
  2. ^ On the origins of serial communications and data encoding. [June 28, 2010]. (原始内容存档于2015-04-29). 
  3. ^ Banks, Michael A. BITS, BAUD RATE, AND BPS Taking the Mystery Out of Modem Speeds. Brady Books/Simon & Schuster. 1990 [17 September 2014]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-14). 
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波特率
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