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附着语素

附着语素(英语:Clitic;源自古希腊语ἐγκλιτικός“倾斜”[1];附着词素)是一个词法学概念,上指在句法作用有如一自由词素,在语音学上却表现出规范语素特性的语素,其发音必须依附于前面或后面的被附着词(host)。[2]常见的附着语素有后附语素和前附语素, 某些语言中还存在中间语素。

附着语素常见于代词、限定词和介词,但其实它可以出现在任何语法范畴当中。正写法有时可以作为判断附着语素的参考,但附着语素并不总写成词缀形态,有些附着语素会用连字号或撇号分隔,甚至分开写成两个词语。

分类

后附语素

后附语素(Enclitic),也称后接语素、前属语素,置于被附着词(host)之后。印欧语系的例子如:

  • 拉丁语的 -que“与”、-ve“或则”、-ne(一般疑问词)等。如 -que:
1. Senatus Populusque Romanus.
元老院 人民=与 罗马的
元老院与罗马人民
  • 古希腊语的 -τε (-te)“与”、-δε (-de)“但是”、-γαρ (-gar)“为了”、-ουν (-oun)“因此”等。如 -τε:
2. άνθρωποί (τε) θεοί τε
ánthrōpoí (te) theoí te
(=与) 上帝 =与
人与上帝
  • 荷兰语:'t(中性及第三人称代词的定冠词)、'k(第一人称代词的定冠词)、-je(第二人称代词的定冠词)、-ie(第三人称代词的定冠词)等。
  • 俄语:-ли(一般疑问句)、-же(强调语气助词)、-не(否定词)、-бы(虚拟语气助词)等。

印欧语系当中,有些附着语素可以被追溯到原始印欧语上,比如:-kwe拉丁语 -que、希腊 τε(te),及梵语 -च (-ca) 的原始形式。非印欧语系者如:

  • 日语:大部分日语介词和系词都属于附着语素,如属格介词“の”(no),或话题标记“は”(wa)等。例如:
3. あの人 甥です。
ano-hito wa watashi no oi desu
那个人=TOP =GEN 外甥 是
那个人是我的外甥。
  • 朝鲜语:系动词“이다”(ida)、形容词“하다”(hada)以及一些名词动词性的助词“는”(neun)。[4]然而,其它的一些分析指出名词性助词并没有附着词素的性质,其作用更近乎短语词缀。[5]

前附语素

前附语素(Proclitic),也称前接语素、连音语素,置于被附着词之前。

4. an apple
SG.DET= 苹果
一个苹果
5a. il s'est réveillé.
3SG.PRO 3SG.REFL=存在.IND.PRES 醒.PAST
他醒了。
5b. je t'aime.
1SG.PRO 2SG=爱.IND.PRES
我爱你。

中附语素

中附语素(Mesoclitic)出现在被附着词语干与其它的词缀之间。如葡萄牙语

6. Ela levá-lo-ia.
3SG.FEM.PRO =它=COND
她会拿走。

内附语素

内附语素(Endoclitic),即将词根中断为两部分并将内接语素置于其间。内附语素由于直接挑战了词汇完整性假设英语Lexical_Integrity_Hypothesis,故长久以来一直认为这种附着语素不太可能会存在,不过后来在东北高加索语系乌第语英语Udi language找到存在的证据。[6]内接词也出现在普什图语[7]

语法化

附着语素可以视为语法化过程的过渡形态,即:[8]

词汇项目 → 附着语素〈前附语素、后附语素、中间语素、内附语素〉 → 词缀

注释

  1. ^ Crystal, David. A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1980. Print.
  2. ^ SIL International (2003). SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms: What is a clitic? "This page is an extract from the LinguaLinks Library, Version 5.0 published on CD-ROM by SIL International, 2003." Retrieved from Archived copy. [2004-04-16]. (原始内容存档于2004-05-10). .
  3. ^ Zwicky, Arnold M. Pullum, Geofferey K.. Cliticization vs. Inflection: English N'T (PDF). Language. 1983, 3 (59): 502-513 [2019-05-29]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-12-20). 
  4. ^ Chae, Hee-Rahk. Clitic Analyses of Korean "Little Words". Language, Information and Computation Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference. 1995: 97-102 [2007-03-28].
  5. ^ James Hye, Suk Yoon. Non-morphological Determination of Nominal Particle Ordering in Korean页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Journal of East Asian Linguistics 4(4):325-356. 1995.
  6. ^ Harris, Alice C.. 2002. Endoclitics and the Origins of Udi Morphosyntax. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  7. ^ Craig A. Kopris & Anthony R. Davis (AppTek, Inc. / StreamSage, Inc.) Endoclitics in Pashto: Implications for Lexical Integrity. 2005.
  8. ^ Hopper, Paul J.; Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. Grammaticalization 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003. ISBN 9780521804219. 

参见

外部链接

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附着语素
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