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遗传性疾病

遗传性疾病是指以基因为主要致病原因的疾病。依据成因又可以细分成:

  • 单一基因缺陷的遗传疾病
  • 染色体变异所引起的遗传疾病
  • 多重基因共同影响所造成的遗传疾病
  • 线粒体基因变异所引起的疾病。

其中因单一基因缺陷而引起的遗传疾病,又称为孟德尔型病症。临床上大多透过遗传基因检测来辅助诊断以及带因筛检。

分类

单一基因缺陷造成的遗传疾病

体染色体隐性遗传疾病 (autosomal recessive inheritable disease),又可称为自体隐性遗传疾病、常染色体隐性遗传疾病

体染色体显性遗传疾病 (autosomal dominant inheritable disease),又可称为自体显性遗传疾病、常染色体显性遗传疾病

X染色体联锁隐性遗传疾病

X染色体联锁显性遗传疾病

  • 低磷酸盐性佝偻症(维他命D阻碍性佝偻症)

染色体异常数量所引起的遗传疾病

多重基因共同影响所造成的遗传疾病

  • 冠状心脏疾病
  • 高血压
  • 中风
  • 许多种类的癌症

线粒体基因变异所引起的遗传疾病

有数种遗传性疾病是因为线粒体的DNA发生突变所致。由于受精时只有来自卵子的线粒体会留给胚胎,故此线粒体DNA突变的疾病是母系遗传。

赖博氏遗传性视觉神经症(Leber hereditary optic neuroatrophy)这种视觉神经疾病,就与此类基因突变有关。

但即使带有具这种突变基因的线粒体,超过50%的男性和85%的女性都不会发病[1]

凯恩斯-沙耶症候群(Kearns-Sayre syndrome)则主要源于线粒体DNA中的基因缺失而导致线粒体功能下降,影响细胞呼吸而引起,从而影响器官功能,对肌肉眼睛心脏影响尤甚。 不过线粒体基因突变的原因以及带有突变基因者的发病率仍然在研究中[2]

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遗传性疾病
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