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辅音弱化

弱音化(英语:Lenition)是语言学的一种辅音变化现象,存在于多种语言,但以印欧语为主。辅音弱化及语音同化都是历史语言学的一门主要课题,亦是现时语言在历史中变化的主要原因。

这个名词源自拉丁语lenis,意思就是变弱或变软。弱音化指语音由一对较强的语音转化为较弱的一对。若已转化的辅音与另外的辅音还有配对关系,这个弱化过程还可能会一直继续下去。

简介

辅音的弱化有以下各种:

  • 擦音化或咝音化(spirantizationaffrication),例如:[t] → [s]
  • 浊音化voicingsonorization),例如:[f] → [v]
  • 去口音化debuccalization),例如:[s] → [h]
  • 消除子音重复(degemination),例如:[kk] → [k]
  • 松音化(deglottalization),例如:[k’] → [k]
  • 去到最后,辅音可能会弱化至完全脱落(elision ,亦作音节省略)。

有关弱音化的语音变化

弱音化的过程有两大类:

  • 其一是发音部位会向“开口音”的方向演变,
  • 其二是擦音化

“开口音化”是指发音部位每步向着增加张口度的方向弱化,例如:

双辅塞音 塞音 擦音 咝音 placeless approximant 无声
原来发音 去双辅音 擦音化 咝音化
(去擦音化)
非口腔音化 省略化
[pp] or [ppʰ] [p] or [pʰ] [pɸ] [ɸ] [h] (zero)
[pf] [f]
[tt] or [ttʰ] [t] or [tʰ] [tθ] [θ]
[ts] [s]
[kk] or [kkʰ] [k] or [kʰ] [kx] [x]

而“擦音化”的过程,还会令辅音从清音转为浊音:

塞音 浊音化 continuant
(咝音化, tap, etc.)
近音化 无声(省略化) (附注)
原来发音 voicing
(sonorization)
spirantization, flapping approximation elision
[p] [b] [β] [β̞] (zero)
[v] [ʋ]
[w]
[t] [d] [ð] [ð̞]
[z] [ɹ]
[ɾ]
[k] [ɡ] [ɣ] [ɰ]
[j], [w]

历时弱音化

从拉丁语和英语词汇的对应关系中,我们可以察觉到弱音化的痕迹。例如:

拉丁语 英语 变化
pater father 塞音 -->擦音化
tenuis thin 塞音 -->咝音化

共时弱音化

凯尔特语的语音及文字

过去爱尔兰语的文字记录中,弱化了的辅音都会在其上加上一圆点。不过,后来的排版机由于不能轻易加上变音符号,所以这种弱化标示的习惯改为在辅音之后加上“h”字表示。例如:“母亲”(呼格)现在的拼法是"a mháthair",但过去的拼法,却应该写作"a ṁáṫair"。

汉语福州话的声母类化

在福州话以及宁德地区的闽东方言中的大部分方言点,一些塞音和擦音变为同部位或相近部位的阻碍程度相对较小的音。例如,p,pʰ在大多较常词组中的后字中可发生弱化,变为双唇近音β̞ ,甚至消失,发生的条件是前字为阴声韵或入声韵,如 肉饼 [nyʔ piaŋ]→[ny(ʔ) β̞iaŋ] 。同样的,还有t,tʰ,s,ts,tsʰ和k,kʰ 。其中t,tʰ,s变成ɾ直至l,ts,tsʰ变成z直至通音化,k,kʰ变为零辅音。当前字为阳声韵(鼻音ŋ韵尾),后字上,p,pʰ变为m,t,tʰ,s变为n,ts,tsʰ变为接近龈腭鼻音n̠ʲ (ɲ̟),k,kʰ变为ŋ。

参看

参考文献

  • Crowley, Terry. (1997) An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. 3rd edition. Oxford University Press.
  • Oftedal, Magne. Lenition in Celtic and in insular Spanish: the secondary voicing of stops in Gran Canaria. Oxford University Press, USA. 1985. ISBN 8200072827. 
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辅音弱化
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