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责任分散

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责任分散(diffusion of responsibility)是一种社会心理学现象,指对某一件事来说,如果是单个个体被要求单独完成任务,责任感就会很强,会作出正面的反应。但如果是要求一个群体共同完成任务,群体中的每个个体的责任感就会很弱,面对困难或遇到责任往往会退缩。因为前者需要独立承担责任,后者指望别人多承担点儿责任。“责任分散”的实质就是人多不负责,责任不落实。这种心态可见于短语“没有一滴雨认为是自己造成水灾。”

责任分散可以体现为:

  • 在人群中,通过采取行动或不采取行动,使某坏事发生,而在他们单独时绝不会允许发生。例子包括团体迷思(groupthink)和旁观者效应(bystander effect)。
  • 一组人完成工作任务时,失去动力,因为人们责任感降低,而且在群体中掩盖了他们缺乏努力(社会惰化)。
  • 在分层组织中,下属称他们只是执行命令,而上司称,他们只是发出指令,并没有做该等事。

例子

  • 纽约妇女Kitty Genovese在街角被刺死,《纽约时报》报道“38名凶杀目击者没有报警”,指责社会冷漠
  • 邪恶的平庸性(the Banality of Evil)

外部链接

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责任分散
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