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赑屃 .
传说
越南 河内文庙 内科举 高中者的名碑。传说赑屃在上古时代常驮著三山五岳,在江河湖海里兴风作浪。后来大禹治水 时收服了它,它服从大禹 的指挥,推山挖沟,疏遍河道,为治水作出了贡献。洪水治服了,大禹担心赑屃又到处撒野,便搬来顶天立地的巨大石碑,上面刻上大禹治水的功迹,叫赑屃驮著,沉重的石碑压得它不能随便行走。赑屃和龟十分相似,但细看却有差异,赑屃有一排牙齿,而龟类却没有,赑屃和龟类在背甲上甲片的数目和形状也有差异。赑屃并非石龟[2] ,为奰㞒的讹称俗书[3] ,是好文的象征[4] 。它总是吃力地向前昂着头,四只脚拼命地撑著,挣扎着向前走,但总是移不开步。中国一些显赫石碑的基座都由赑屃驮著,在碑林和一些古迹胜地中都可以看到。
建筑运用
韩国 首尔 蚕室三田渡碑 旁没有驮碑的赑屃。在拆除北京 旧城墙时,在嘉靖年间建造的东便门 和西便门 的城墙下各发现半个赑屃,因此有好事者穿凿附会“赑屃驮著北京城之说”,事实上城门、寺庙是古碑文密集处之一,挖出赑屃不足为奇,如寿县古城 靖淮门及北京碧云寺 赑屃。
台湾 现存有十座龟趺御碑,乃清 乾隆皇帝 为了表彰福康安 平定林爽文事件 所赐。石碑高3.1米,宽1.4米,以金门“麻糬石”雕刻而成,其中四座全刻满文,四座全刻汉文,二座汉满文合刻。龟趺御碑运抵台南府 时,其中一龟座不慎掉入港内,于是另以砂岩仿造一座,原座直到1911年才被台南渔民捞起,供奉在南厂保安宫 内。碑座中的九座在赤崁楼 中保存,另汉满文合刻的一座则立于嘉义,这碑座经数次迁移,现安置于嘉义公园 中,名为福康安纪功碑 。
注释
^ 李干朗:《台湾古建筑图解事典》,台北:远流,2003年7月,页59。(繁体中文)
^ 《乡言解颐》:碑下之为赑屃,讹为龟也。
^ 《说文解字注》:张衡、左思赋皆用奰㞒字,而讹作赑屃,俗书之不正如此。
^ 《枣林杂俎》:龙生九子:蒲牢好鸣,囚牛好音,螭吻好吞,嘲风好险,睚眦好杀,屃赑好文,狴豻好讼,狻猊好坐,霸下好负。
外部链接
李东阳 《怀麓堂集》杨慎 《升庵外集》其他 螭首 -
麒麟 -
望天吼 -
貔貅 -
龙马 - 虭蛥 - 鳌鱼 - 兽
𧉚 - 金吾 - 螭虎 -
𧖣 𧊲 - 宪章 - 徙牢 - 蟋蜴 - 蚵蛉
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