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虾夷

日语写法
日语原文蝦夷/愛瀰詩/毛人
假名えみし/えびす/えぞ
平文式罗马字Emishi/Ebisu/Ezo

虾夷是古代日本古朝廷对它的东北方族群的鄙称。根据其地理分布分为南虾夷、西虾夷、渡岛虾夷、渡觉虾夷等。过去主要分布今本州的东北地方与北海道。

日本古文献中的虾夷人

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日本北海道古称虾夷えみし Emishi 或えぞ Ezo),日本史书上也有不少关于虾夷人的记载。在日本武尊传说成立的时代(6世纪),依照《日本书纪》的记载,日本武尊经由海路进入陆奥国(今本州东北地方)攻打东夷日高见国”。征讨后,“虾夷既平,自日高见国还之,西南历常陆(今茨城县东北方)”[1][2]。由此可见虾夷人的势力范围,从茨城县东北地区包括了整个本州东北地方。

日本书纪》中对虾夷的记载是这样子的:“朕闻:其东夷也,识性强暴,凌犯为宗。村之无长,邑之勿首。各贪封界,并相盗略。亦山有邪神,郊有奸鬼。……其东夷之中,虾夷是尤强焉。男女相居,父子无别。冬则宿穴,夏则住樔。衣毛饮血,昆弟相疑。……故往古以来,未染王化。……即巧言而调暴神,振武以攘奸鬼。”“东夷之中,有日高见国。其国人,男女并椎结文身,为人勇悍。是总曰虾夷。亦土地沃壤而旷之,击可取之。”[1]

江户时代德川光圀曾编《大日本史》,其《诸藩列传》内收有《虾夷传》上、下二卷。[3][4]

他们是《山海经》与倭王武上表中的毛人,本来生活在日本关东,后被倭朝廷不断驱逐至本州北方与北海道。


现存“阿伊努人”和历史上“虾夷人”之间的关系

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参考资料

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 转引自沈淑敏 nd、日本书纪页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  2. ^ 转引自沈淑敏 nd、尾张国热田太神宫缘记页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  3. ^ 大日本史 卷之二百卌 列傳第一百六十七 諸蕃九 蝦夷上. web.archive.org. 2008-05-18 [2023-06-19]. (原始内容存档于2008-05-18). 
  4. ^ 大日本史 卷之二百卌一 列傳第一百六十八 諸蕃十. web.archive.org. 2008-03-16 [2023-06-19]. (原始内容存档于2008-03-16). 

延伸阅读

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[在维基数据]

维基文库中的相关文本:钦定古今图书集成·方舆汇编·边裔典·虾夷部》,出自陈梦雷古今图书集成

外部链接

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虾夷
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