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藤壶

蔓足亚纲
化石时期:中寒武纪至全新世
Chthamalus stellatus
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
亚门: 甲壳亚门 Crustacea
纲: 鞘甲纲 Thecostraca
亚纲: 蔓足亚纲 Cirripedia
Burmeister, 1834
总目

详见内文

藤壶鞘甲纲蔓足亚纲学名Cirripedia,原蔓足纲蔓足下纲)生物的通称。所有的藤壶都生活在海洋中,其中绝大部分又生活在潮间带等浅海海域。其幼体(有两个阶段)为自游生物,但成年后无法靠自己移动,只能固着在坚硬物体(如岩石)表面、通过滤食来生存。该下纲共有约1,220种生物。[1]

习性

一条座头鲸头部的鲸藤壶
捕食中的Semibalanus balanoides
互相争夺生存空间的帽贝和藤壶

成年的藤壶会附着在各种坚硬物体表面,这包括鲸鱼的身体、岩石、船底等[2],由于船壳附着太多藤壶将增加航行时阻力而浪费燃料,需定期清除,一些船只会使用防止藤壶附着的涂料[3]蟹奴属的藤壶生活在螃蟹的身体里面[4]

其主要感官为蔓足,通过触觉来捕食。此外,成年体有三个光感受器,在环境变暗时会停止觅食,并将蔓足缩回壳中[5][6]

科学家曾在水下600米(2,000英尺)处发现过藤壶[2],但大约75%的藤壶都生活在100米以上的浅海海域,[2]有25%的藤壶生活在潮间带[2]潮间带的藤壶分布极为密集,经常会覆盖整个岩石表面。藤壶与帽贝贻贝存在竞争关系,它们会互相争夺地盘。[2][7]

峨螺是最常见的藤壶天敌,它们能够磨碎藤壶的坚硬外壳,吃掉其柔软的身躯。而贻贝则会捕食藤壶的幼体。[8]赭色海星也会捕食藤壶。[9][10]

有考古证据显示人类在一万年前就开始食用鹅颈藤壶(Pollicipes pollicipes)了。[11]在某些国家,特别是西班牙,鹅颈藤壶是一道珍馐。其数量并不多而且产量在不断减少,所以主要靠人工捕捞,其价格昂贵,每公斤可达90欧元。[12]

分类

2001年分类

部分学者视其为一个纲或亚纲,2001年马丁和戴维斯将其定为下纲,按二人的研究,蔓足下纲的分类如下[13]

2006年分类

2006年,原围胸总目成员重新分类,有柄目被一分为四,蔓足下纲的组成如下[14]

2009年分类

2009年,原尖胸总目重新分类,新的分类如下:

2021年分类

2021, Chan等人将其升级为蔓足亚纲,为鞘甲纲(Thecostraca,原为鞘甲亚纲)下的一个亚纲。[21][22]

  • 蔓足亚纲 Cirripedia Burmeister, 1834
    • 尖胸下纲 Acrothoracica Gruvel, 1905
      • 目 Cryptophialida Kolbasov, Newman & Hoeg, 2009
      • 棘甲藤壶目 Lithoglyptida Kolbasov, Newman & Hoeg, 2009
    • 根头下纲 Rhizocephala Müller, 1862
    • 围胸下纲 Thoracica Darwin, 1854
      • 总目 Phosphatothoracica Gale, 2019
        • 目 Iblomorpha Buckeridge & Newman, 2006
        • 目 † Eolepadomorpha Chan et al., 2021
      • 总目 Thoracicalcarea Gale, 2015
        • 目 Calanticomorpha Chan et al., 2021
        • 目 Pollicipedomorpha Chan et al., 2021
        • 铠茗荷目 Scalpellomorpha Buckeridge & Newman, 2006
        • 目 † Archaeolepadomorpha Chan et al., 2021
        • 目 † Brachylepadomorpha Withers, 1923
        • (Unranked) Sessilia (原无柄目
          • 藤壶目 Balanomorpha Pilsbry, 1916 (原藤壶亚目)
          • 花笼目 Verrucomorpha Pilsbry, 1916(原花笼亚目)

化石

Priscansermarinus barnetti寒武纪中期的苗岭统就存在于地球上了,[23]但各类藤壶的骨骼化石直到新近纪才逐渐增多。[2]这主要是因为其化石比较脆弱,容易被海浪碾碎。

因为主要生活在浅海,藤壶化石是判定史前海岸线位置的重要指标。[2]

参考文献

  1. ^ Martin Walters & Jinny Johnson. The World of Animals. Bath, Somerset: Parragon. 2007. ISBN 978-1-4054-9926-2. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 P. Doyle; A. E. Mather; M. R. Bennett; A. Bussell. Miocene barnacle assemblages from southern Spain and their palaeoenvironmental significance. Lethaia英语Lethaia. 1997, 29 (3): 267–274. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1996.tb01659.x. 
  3. ^ 吉田胜. 模仿金槍魚的船身塗料 年省千萬日圓燃料費. 日经科技报. 2012-06-04 [2020-02-24]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-25). 
  4. ^ Carl Zimmer. Parasite Rex: Inside the Bizarre World of Nature's Most Dangerous Creatures. Free Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0-7432-0011-0. 
  5. ^ Gwilliam, G.F.; Millecchia, R. J. Barnacle photoreceptors: Their physiology and role in the control of behavior. Progress in Neurobiology. January 1975, 4: 211–239. doi:10.1016/0301-0082(75)90002-7. 
  6. ^ Barnes, Robert D. Invertebrate Zoology. Holt-Saunders International. 1982: 694–707. ISBN 978-0-03-056747-6. 
  7. ^ S. M. Stanley. Predation defeats competition on the seafloor. Paleobiology. 2008, 34 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1666/07026.1. 
  8. ^ Clint Twist. Visual Factfinder: Oceans. Great Bardfield, Essex: Miles Kelly Publishing. 2005. 
  9. ^ C. D. G. Harley; M. S. Pankey; J. P. Wares; R. K. Grosberg; M. J. Wonham. Color Polymorphism and Genetic Structure in the Sea Star Pisaster ochraceus. The Biological Bulletin. 2006, 211 (3): 248–262 [2019-06-01]. JSTOR 4134547. PMID 17179384. doi:10.2307/4134547. (原始内容存档于2011-06-16). 
  10. ^ Jan Holmes. Seashore players most successful when they're in their zone. WSU Beach Watchers. 2002 [March 6, 2010]. (原始内容存档于2010-06-21). 
  11. ^ Esteban Álvarez-Fernández, Roberto Ontañón-Peredo & José Molares-Vila. Archaeological data on the exploitation of the goose barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes (Gmelin, 1790) in Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science. 2010, 37 (2): 402–408. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.10.003. 
  12. ^ Molares, José; Freire, Juan. Development and perspectives for community-based management of the goose barnacle (Pollicipes pollicipes) fisheries in Galicia (NW Spain). Fisheries Research. 2003-12, 65 (1-3) [2022-12-03]. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2003.09.034. (原始内容存档于2022-07-09) (英语). 
  13. ^ Joel W. Martin & George E. Davis. An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea (PDF). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. 2001: 1–132 [2019-06-01]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-09-08). 
  14. ^ Buckeridge, J. S.; Newman, W. A. A revision of the Iblidae and the stalked barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica), including new ordinal, familial and generic taxa, and two new species from New Zealand and Tasmanian waters. Zootaxa. 2006, 1136: 1–38 (英语). 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Chan, Benny K.K. Cyprilepadiformes. WoRMS. 2010-10-22 [2019-10-22]. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Chan, Benny K.K.; Tran, Bastien. Ibliformes. WoRMS. 2010-10-22 [2019-10-22]. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Chan, Benny K.K. Lepadiformes. WoRMS. 2010-10-22 [2019-10-22]. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Chan, Benny K.K.; Cuvelier, Daphne. Heteralepadomorpha. WoRMS. 2010-10-22 [2019-10-23]. 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 Chan, Benny K.K. Scalpelliformes. WoRMS. 2010-10-22 [2019-10-22]. 
  20. ^ Crandall, Keith A.; Boxshall, Geoff; Cuvelier, Daphne. Acrothoracica. WoRMS. 2021-04-27 [2021-10-01]. 
  21. ^ Chan, Benny K K; Dreyer, Niklas; Gale, Andy S; Glenner, Henrik; Ewers-Saucedo, Christine; Pérez-Losada, Marcos; Kolbasov, Gregory A; Crandall, Keith A; Høeg, Jens T. The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2021-10-26, 193 (3): 789–846 [2022-12-03]. ISSN 0024-4082. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160可免费查阅. (原始内容存档于2023-07-31) (英语). 
  22. ^ World Register of Marine Species, subclass Cirripedia. [2021-08-22]. (原始内容存档于2023-09-11). 
  23. ^ B. A. Foster & J. S. Buckeridge. Barnacle palaeontology. 1987: 41–63. 

外部连接

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藤壶
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