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腕隧道综合症

腕隧道综合症
腕部横切面。正中神经标示为黄色。数块骨骼与横腕韧带构成腕隧道英语Carpal tunnel
症状大拇指、食指、中指及无名指靠中指侧有疼痛麻木感刺痛感英语Tingling,握拳乏力[1][2]
病因压迫腕隧道处的正中神经[1]
风险因素遗传肥胖症手腕过度使用妊娠类风湿性关节炎[3][4][5]
诊断方法症状、特定理学检查电学诊断英语Electrodiagnostic medicine[2]
预防身体活动[3]
治疗竖腕副木皮质类固醇注射、手术[3]
患病率5–10%[6][7]
分类和外部资源
医学专科骨外科整形外科康复医学
ICD-118C10.0
ICD-9-CM354.0
OMIM115430
DiseasesDB2156
MedlinePlus000433
eMedicine1243192、​327330、​822792、​388525
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

腕隧道综合症(英语:Carpal tunnel syndrome),缩写:CTS)又称腕道综合症腕管综合症,俗称鼠标手,是指正中神经在穿过腕部腕隧道英语carpal tunnel处受到神经压迫的疾病[1]。主要症状为大拇指、食指、中指及无名指靠中指侧会发生疼痛麻木感刺痛感英语Tingling[1],典型症状通常是渐进式的,而且发生于晚上[2]。疼痛感可能延伸至手臂[2]。患者抓握力量可能减弱且在长时间后大鱼际肌(拇指根部肌肉)会萎缩[2]。超过一半的病例是两手都有症状[1]

风险因子包含肥胖腕部重复动作妊娠,以及类风湿性关节炎[3][8]。有初步的证据显示甲状腺机能低下症会增加患病风险[9]糖尿病与此病有轻度相关[3][7]复合口服避孕药目前显示与此病无关。高风险职业包含电脑作业、操作震动机械,以及需要用力抓握的工作[3]。根据病征、症状和特定的理学检查而怀疑有此症时,也许可藉电学检查英语electrodiagnostic test来确诊[2]。若拇指根部肌肉萎缩则可能罹患此症[3]

进行体能训练可以降低腕隧道综合症的发生风险。症状可以透过穿戴竖腕副木或是施打皮质类固醇获得改善。使用非类固醇消炎药加巴喷丁并没有效果。切断横腕韧带的外科手术效果,比一年的非手术治疗效果来得更好。术后不需要再使用副木。没有任何证据支持磁疗有益[3]

在美国大约有5%的人患有腕隧道综合症[10]。通常发生于成人时期,而女性比男性更容易罹患[2],女性发生此疾病的比例为男性的3-10倍。超过33%的患者可以在没有特别治疗的情况下于约一年的时间后改善病况[1]。腕隧道综合症的叙述初见于第二次世界大战[11]

症状与征象

腕隧道综合症患者的大拇指食指中指、以及无名指的桡侧(靠中指侧)会有麻木感刺痛感英语Tingling、或灼热感,因为这个范围的感觉和运动功能(肌肉控制)是由正中神经支配。疼痛和不适感可能往近端延伸到前臂甚至上臂[12]。低特异性的症状可能包括手部或手腕疼痛英语Wrist pain、握力下降[13]、手部敏捷度下降[14]

有些人认为正中神经症状可以起因于胸廓出口英语Thoracic outlet或前臂旋前圆肌两头之间的正中神经受到压迫[15],虽然这部分尚有争论。

正中神经支配范围的麻木感和感觉异常英语Paresthesia是腕隧道神经压迫综合症英语Nerve compression syndrome标志性的神经病变症状[7]。如果不及时治疗,可能会因为肌肉缺乏足够的神经刺激,导致拇指肌肉无力和萎缩[7]。通常不适感会在晚上和早晨时加重。

病因

腕隧道的解剖构造,显示正中神经穿过与手指肌腱共用的狭窄空间

大多数病例为病因不明[16]。风险因子包括肥胖症手腕过度使用妊娠遗传类风湿性关节炎[3][4][5]。有初步的证据显示甲状腺机能低下症会增加患病风险[9]糖尿病与此病则呈现轻度相关[3][7]。使用复合口服避孕药不会影响患病风险[3]。高风险职业包含电脑作业、操作震动机械、需要用力抓握的工作[3]

创伤[17]遗传学[18]也可能与腕隧道综合症相关。

诊断

专家共识已将正中神经支配范围的麻木感、夜间症状、肌肉无力或萎缩、腕隧道英语Carpal tunnel处提内耳氏征象阳性、感觉检查异常(例如两点区辨觉英语Two-point discrimination)标准化列为临床诊断标准[19][20]。疼痛也可以是症状之一,尽管不如感觉异常那么常见。

理学检查

尽管已广泛地使用,但如果斐伦式试验法、提内耳氏征象、轻弹征象(Flick sign)、上肢神经检查等项目仅其中之一为阳性,并不足以作为诊断[3]

  • 斐伦式试验法英语Phalen maneuver,轻柔地屈曲手腕到极限,保持此姿势并等待症状是否诱发出来[21]。如果60秒内产生正中神经支配范围麻木感,则为阳性。麻木感越早开始,表示病情越严重,前瞻性研究显示目前仅有斐伦式试验法与腕隧道综合症的严重程度有相关[22]。在不同的研究中,斐伦式试验法的数据有所不同,灵敏度从42%到85%不等,而特异度在54%到98%之间[7]
  • 提内耳氏征象,正中神经的经典检测方式,轻敲横腕韧带上的皮肤以诱发正中神经支配范围的疼痛或感觉异常。根据研究,提内耳氏征象用于诊断腕隧道综合症具有38-100%的灵敏度和55-100%的特异度[7]
  • 德尔坎测试,施测者以拇指对腕隧道加压30秒[23],若受试者感受到疼痛或正中神经支配部分感觉异常英语paresthesia即为阳性[24][25]
  • 举手测试(Hand elevation test),将双手举高过头,如果在2分钟内正中神经支配范围的症状再现,则为阳性。举手测试比提内耳氏征象、斐伦式试验法、腕压迫测试具有更高的灵敏度和特异度卡方统计分析显示与提内耳氏征象、斐伦式试验法、腕压迫测试同样有效或甚至更好[26]

需要特别注意:真正患有腕隧道综合症(压迫腕隧道内的正中神经)的患者,其大鱼际肌(拇指根部的肌肉隆起)不会有感觉丧失,这是因为正中神经的掌侧分支会支配该区域,此分支并未进入腕隧道内[27]。正中神经的这个特征可以帮助将腕隧道综合症与胸廓出口综合症旋前圆肌综合症英语Pronator teres syndrome区分开来。

电学诊断

因为有些情况可能被误诊为腕隧道综合症,如果病史和理学检查有所怀疑,有时会利用神经传导检查英语Nerve conduction study肌电图进行电学诊断英语Electrodiagnostic medicine。以神经传导检查来确认诊断尚有争议[7]。有多种电学诊断测试可用于诊断腕隧道综合症,但是灵敏度和特异度最高、最可靠的方式是采用综合感觉指数(Combined Sensory Index),也称为鲁宾逊指数(Robinson index[28]。神经压迫导致髓鞘的破坏,电学诊断上的表现为延迟增长和神经传导速度英语Nerve conduction velocity减慢[22],但是电学诊断结果正常并不能排除腕隧道综合症,因为神经损伤必须达到阈值才会使检查发现异常,而且异常值是可变的[20]

影像检查

使用核磁共振检查超声波检查诊断腕隧道综合症的效益尚不明朗[29][30][31],不建议常规使用[3]。核磁共振检查具有高灵敏度,但特异度低,其影像中的高信号强度可显现轴突的变化和髓鞘的退化或水肿[32]

鉴别诊断

颈椎神经根病变也可引起手和腕部的感觉异常或疼痛,可能被误认为腕隧道综合症,但前者的症状通常始于颈部,并沿着患侧手臂向下延伸,并可能随着颈部的活动使症状更加明显[7]。颈椎的肌电图和影像检查可以帮忙区分颈椎神经根病变与腕隧道综合症[7]。腕隧道综合症常有感觉异常,如果疼痛是主要症状,腕隧道综合症会比较不像是病源[33]

治疗

普遍接受的治疗包括:物理治疗、口服或局部注射类固醇副木手术减压腕横韧带[34]。有限的证据显示加巴喷丁并不比安慰剂有效[7]。没有足够的证据证明治疗性超声波瑜伽针灸低功率激光英语Low-level laser therapy维生素B6、运动等有益于腕隧道综合症[7][34]。日常活动的改变可能避免症状恶化[18]

美国骨科医学会英语American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons建议先尝试进行至少一个疗程的保守治疗,才考虑减压手术[35]。如果当前的治疗方法无法在2到7周内解除症状,则应尝试其他治疗方法。如果有证据显示患者正中神经出现去神经化英语Denervation或患者愿意选择直接手术治疗,则可早期进行手术。如果患者有糖尿病颈椎神经根病变甲状腺机能低下症多发性神经病变英语Polyneuropathy妊娠类风湿性关节炎、或腕隧道综合症起因于工作等状况,建议的治疗方式可能有所不同[35]

副木

硬式副木可保持手腕伸直
用于腕隧道综合症的另一种硬式副木

腕部装具副木的重要性众所周知,但许多患者不愿意使用。1993年,美国神经医学会英语American Academy of Neurology建议发病早期就给予非侵入性治疗,亦即使用副木治疗轻度和中度的腕隧道综合症,除非感觉或运动神经损伤或肌电图报告显示病情严重[36]

为了获得最佳效果,许多医疗专业人员建议夜晚休息期间配戴副木。可能的话,在造成手腕压力的活动期间也可戴上副木[37][38]。通常不在白天使用副木,因为需要让腕部活动以避免关节僵硬并防止肌肉弱化[39]

皮质类固醇

局部注射皮质类固醇可以有效的暂时缓解症状[40]。一般认为这种治疗方式可以减少正中神经的肿胀,从而减轻患者的不适[7]。注射时使用超声波导引需要额外的费用支出,但可以更快地解除症状[7]。注射是在局部麻醉下进行[41][42]。但是这种治疗不宜长期使用,有决定性的治疗方案之后,通常便不再使用类固醇局部注射治疗。皮质类固醇注射对于减慢疾病进展似乎不十分有效[7]

手术

手术切开横腕韧带称为腕隧道减压手术。当出现持续的麻木、肌肉无力或萎缩,夜间副木或其他保守治疗不再能控制原本的间歇性症状时,则建议手术治疗[43]。手术可以在局部麻醉[44][45][46]或区域麻醉[47]下进行,搭配使用[48]或不使用[45]镇静辅助,或在全身麻醉下进行[46][47]。一般而言,较轻症的病例可以保守治疗控制数月至数年,但较严重的病例在症状上没有缓解,很可能导致需要手术治疗[49]

短期内(6个月)手术比装具(须穿戴6周以上)有更好的疗效,但是长期(12-18个月)来看,手术和装具的疗效相近[50]

物理治疗

美国骨科医学会制定的循证指南将物理治疗和其他非手术治疗方式划分为多个等级[51]。物理治疗的主要问题之一是试图要扭转腕隧道内累积数年的病理变化,医疗从业人员警告:任何物理治疗,如肌筋膜放松术英语Myofascial release,可能需要持续数周才能产生疗效[52]

有些文献主张可以利用一些积极措施来减少腕部压力并减轻疼痛,比如采用更符合人体工学的工作环境和生活环境,例如将QWERTY键盘变换为人体工学较优化的德沃夏克键盘,在早期的腕隧道综合症研究中常被认为是有益的,然而这些研究的一些元分析认为它们提供的证据有限[53][54]

肌腱神经滑行运动对腕隧道综合症似乎有帮助[55]

参见

参考资料

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腕隧道综合症
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