美国城市化
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美国城市化进程贯穿其整个历史进程。在过去的两个世纪里，美利坚合众国已从以农村、农业为主的国家转变为城市化、工业化国家。[2]这很大程度上要归功于18世纪末和19世纪初美国（以及部分西欧国家）的工业革命，以及美国由此经历的快速工业化。1790年，美国人住在城市的只有1/20，但这个比例在1870年急剧变化，到1920年变成了1/4，到20世纪60年代变成了2/3，到21世纪头十年变成了4/5。[2]
美国普查局在1950年和1990年修改了城市地区（Urban Areas, UAs）的分类和定义，因此在比较不同时期的城市数据时需要谨慎。[2][3]人口普查局目前（2018年）对城市地区的定义是：人口超过5万的连续建成区；包括一个或多个中心地区和城市边缘——由邻近的其他地方和非地方领土组成、密集居住的周边地区[4]。
概况
[编辑]美国的城市化经历了很长一段时间，直到1910年至1920年之间美国才达到城市人口占多数的地位。[2]目前，超过五分之四的美国人口居住在城市地区，这个比例目前仍在上升。[2]
美国东北部城市化速度最快，到1880年，东北部城市人口已占多数。[2]在此之前，美国东北部的一些州城市人口已经占多数，包括马萨诸塞州和罗德岛州（1850年城市人口占多数），[5][6]以及纽约州（1870年以来城市人口占多数）。美国中西部和西部在20世纪10年代城市人口成为主体，而美国南部直到第二次世界大战后，也就是20世纪50年代城市人口才成为主体。[2]
今天，美国西部是美国城市化程度最高的地区，紧随其后的是美国东北部。第二次世界大战后，美国南部经历了快速的工业化，现在超过四分之三的人口都生活在城市，2010年南部的城市人口比例几乎与美国中西部相同。[2]如今，美国50个州中只有4个州的农村人口占多数，甚至其中一些州（如密西西比州）仍在继续城市化。目前，美国一些州的城市化率在90%左右或以上，一个世纪以前几乎没有任何一个州能有这样的城市化率。
缅因州和佛蒙特州却在去城市化，这种去城市化趋势在美国其他地方都有体现。缅因州城市人口比例最高的时期是在1950年，当时城市化率还不到52%，而如今，该州只有不到39%的人口居住在城市地区。缅因州目前是美国城市化程度最低的州，它的城市人口比例（39%）还不到美国平均水平（81%）的一半。[2]自1790年第一次人口普查以来，缅因州的城市化程度一直都低于美国平均水平。[2]
历史数据
[编辑]本表部分数据来自美国人口普查局。注意，城市人口的定义随着时间的推移而变化。[7]1900年、1950年和2000年的人口普查采用了新的定义。
| 按美国领地和州划分的城市人口占总人口的百分比（1790-2010） | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 州/领地 | 2020[8] | 2010 | 2000 | 1990 | 1980 | 1970 | 1960 | 1950 | 1940 | 1930 | 1920 | 1910 | 1900 | 1890 | 1880 | 1870 | 1860 | 1850 | 1840 | 1830 | 1820 | 1810 | 1800 | 1790 |
 美国[2]
|
80.0% | 80.7% | 79.0% | 78.0% | 73.7% | 73.6% | 69.9% | 64.0% | 56.5% | 56.1% | 51.2% | 45.6% | 39.6% | 35.1% | 28.2% | 25.7% | 19.8% | 15.4% | 10.8% | 8.8% | 7.2% | 7.3% | 6.1% | 5.1% |
| 美国东北部[2] | 84.0% | 85.0% | 84.4% | 84.0% | 79.2% | 80.5% | 80.2% | 79.5% | 76.6% | 77.6% | 75.5% | 71.8% | 66.1% | 59.0% | 50.8% | 44.3% | 35.7% | 26.9% | 18.5% | 14.2% | 11.0% | 10.9% | 9.3% | 8.1% |
| 美国中西部[2] | 74.3% | 75.9% | 74.7% | 73.9% | 70.5% | 71.6% | 68.7% | 64.1% | 58.4% | 57.9% | 52.3% | 45.1% | 38.6% | 33.1% | 24.2% | 20.8% | 13.9% | 9.2% | 3.9% | 2.6% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.0% | |
| 美国南部[2] | 75.8% | 75.8% | 72.8% | 71.5% | 66.9% | 64.8% | 58.5% | 48.6% | 36.7% | 34.1% | 28.1% | 25.5% | 18.3% | 16.3% | 12.2% | 12.2% | 9.6% | 8.3% | 6.7% | 5.3% | 4.6% | 4.1% | 3.0% | 2.1% |
| 美国西部[2] | 88.9% | 89.8% | 88.6% | 87.6% | 83.9% | 83.0% | 77.7% | 69.5% | 58.5% | 58.4% | 51.8% | 47.9% | 39.9% | 37.0% | 30.2% | 25.8% | 16.0% | 6.4% | ||||||
 亚拉巴马州[9]
|
57.7% | 59.0% | 55.4% | 56.8% | 60.0% | 58.6% | 54.8% | 43.8% | 30.2% | 28.1% | 21.7% | 17.3% | 11.9% | 10.1% | 5.4% | 6.3% | 5.1% | 4.6% | 2.1% | 1.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | |
 阿拉斯加州[10]
|
64.9% | 66.0% | 65.6% | 61.0% | 64.3% | 56.9% | 37.9% | 26.6% | 24.0% | 13.2% | 5.6% | 9.5% | 24.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | |||||||||
 亚利桑那州[11]
|
89.3% | 89.8% | 88.2% | 86.5% | 83.8% | 79.6% | 74.5% | 55.5% | 34.8% | 34.4% | 36.1% | 31.0% | 15.9% | 9.4% | 17.3% | 33.4% | 0.0% | |||||||
 阿肯色州[12]
|
55.5% | 56.2% | 52.5% | 52.0% | 51.6% | 50.0% | 42.8% | 33.0% | 22.2% | 20.6% | 16.6% | 12.9% | 8.5% | 6.5% | 4.6% | 2.6% | 0.9% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | ||
 加利福尼亚州[13]
|
94.2% | 95.0% | 94.4% | 93.7% | 91.3% | 90.9% | 86.4% | 80.7% | 71.0% | 73.3% | 67.9% | 61.8% | 52.3% | 48.6% | 42.9% | 37.2% | 20.7% | 7.4% | ||||||
 科罗拉多州[14]
|
86% | 86.2% | 84.5% | 83.8% | 80.6% | 78.5% | 73.7% | 62.7% | 52.6% | 50.2% | 48.2% | 50.3% | 48.3% | 45.0% | 31.4% | 11.9% | 13.9% | |||||||
 康涅狄格州[15]
|
86.3% | 88.0% | 87.7% | 87.0% | 78.8% | 78.4% | 78.3% | 77.6% | 67.8% | 70.4% | 67.8% | 65.6% | 59.9% | 50.9% | 41.9% | 33.0% | 26.5% | 16.0% | 12.6% | 9.4% | 7.6% | 6.1% | 5.1% | 3.0% |
 特拉华州[16]
|
82.6% | 83.3% | 80.1% | 79.2% | 70.6% | 72.2% | 65.6% | 62.6% | 52.3% | 51.7% | 54.2% | 48.0% | 46.4% | 42.2% | 33.4% | 24.7% | 18.9% | 15.3% | 10.7% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 1.3% |
 华盛顿哥伦比亚特区[17]
|
100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 90.0% | 91.6% | 93.0% | 93.6% | 90.9% | 90.1% | 88.3% | 85.0% | 76.2% | |
 佛罗里达州[18]
|
91.5% | 91.2% | 89.3% | 88.0% | 84.3% | 81.7% | 73.9% | 65.5% | 55.1% | 51.7% | 36.5% | 29.1% | 20.3% | 19.8% | 10.0% | 8.1% | 4.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | ||||
 乔治亚州[19]
|
74.1% | 75.1% | 71.6% | 68.8% | 62.4% | 60.3% | 55.3% | 45.3% | 34.4% | 30.8% | 25.1% | 20.6% | 15.6% | 14.0% | 9.4% | 8.4% | 7.1% | 4.3% | 3.6% | 2.7% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 3.2% | 0.0% |
 夏威夷州[20]
|
86.1% | 91.9% | 91.5% | 90.5% | 86.5% | 83.1% | 76.5% | 69.0% | 62.5% | 53.7% | 36.1% | 30.7% | 25.5% | |||||||||||
 爱达荷州[21]
|
69.2% | 70.6% | 66.4% | 62.2% | 54.0% | 54.1% | 47.5% | 42.9% | 33.7% | 29.1% | 27.6% | 21.5% | 6.2% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | ||||||||
 伊利诺伊州[22]
|
86.9% | 88.5% | 87.8% | 86.4% | 83.3% | 83.2% | 80.7% | 77.6% | 73.6% | 73.9% | 67.9% | 61.7% | 54.3% | 44.9% | 30.6% | 23.5% | 14.3% | 7.6% | 2.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | |
 印第安纳州[23]
|
71.2% | 72.4% | 70.8% | 69.1% | 64.2% | 64.9% | 62.4% | 59.9% | 55.1% | 55.5% | 50.6% | 42.4% | 34.3% | 26.9% | 19.5% | 14.7% | 8.6% | 4.5% | 1.6% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | |
 艾奥瓦州[24]
|
63.2% | 64.0% | 61.1% | 59.4% | 58.6% | 57.2% | 53.0% | 47.7% | 42.7% | 39.6% | 36.4% | 30.6% | 25.6% | 21.2% | 15.2% | 13.1% | 8.9% | 5.1% | 0.0% | |||||
 堪萨斯州[25]
|
72.3% | 74.2% | 71.4% | 69.5% | 66.7% | 66.1% | 61.0% | 52.1% | 41.9% | 38.8% | 34.8% | 29.1% | 22.4% | 18.9% | 10.5% | 14.2% | 9.4% | |||||||
 肯塔基州[26]
|
58.7% | 58.4% | 55.8% | 55.8% | 50.9% | 52.3% | 44.5% | 36.8% | 29.8% | 30.6% | 26.2% | 24.3% | 21.8% | 19.2% | 15.2% | 14.8% | 10.4% | 7.5% | 4.0% | 2.4% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
 路易斯安那州[27]
|
71.5% | 73.2% | 72.6% | 72.9% | 68.6% | 66.5% | 63.3% | 54.8% | 41.5% | 39.7% | 34.9% | 30.0% | 26.5% | 25.4% | 25.5% | 27.9% | 26.1% | 26.0% | 29.9% | 21.4% | 17.7% | 22.5% | ||
 缅因州[28]
|
38.6% | 38.7% | 40.2% | 42.6% | 47.5% | 50.8% | 51.3% | 51.7% | 40.5% | 40.3% | 39.0% | 35.3% | 33.5% | 28.1% | 22.6% | 21.0% | 16.6% | 13.5% | 7.8% | 3.2% | 2.9% | 3.1% | 2.4% | 0.0% |
 马里兰州[29]
|
85.6% | 87.2% | 86.1% | 85.0% | 80.3% | 76.6% | 72.7% | 69.0% | 59.3% | 59.8% | 60.0% | 50.8% | 49.8% | 47.6% | 40.2% | 37.8% | 34.0% | 32.3% | 24.2% | 20.4% | 16.3% | 12.2% | 7.8% | 4.2% |
 马萨诸塞州[5]
|
91.3% | 92.0% | 91.4% | 90.5% | 83.8% | 84.6% | 83.6% | 84.4% | 89.4% | 90.2% | 90.0% | 89.0% | 86.0% | 82.0% | 74.7% | 66.7% | 59.6% | 50.7%[5] | 37.9% | 31.1% | 22.8% | 21.3% | 15.4% | 13.5% |
 密歇根州[30]
|
73.5% | 74.6% | 74.7% | 75.2% | 70.7% | 74.0% | 73.4% | 70.7% | 65.7% | 68.2% | 61.1% | 47.2% | 39.3% | 34.9% | 24.8% | 20.1% | 13.3% | 7.3% | 4.3% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | |
 明尼苏达州[31]
|
71.9% | 73.3% | 70.9% | 69.0% | 66.9% | 66.5% | 62.2% | 54.5% | 49.8% | 49.0% | 44.1% | 41.0% | 34.1% | 33.8% | 19.1% | 16.1% | 9.4% | 0.0% | ||||||
 密西西比州[32]
|
46.3% | 49.3% | 48.8% | 49.0% | 47.3% | 44.5% | 37.7% | 27.9% | 19.8% | 16.9% | 13.4% | 11.5% | 7.7% | 5.4% | 3.1% | 4.0% | 2.6% | 1.8% | 1.0% | 2.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | |
 密苏里州[33]
|
69.5% | 70.4% | 69.4% | 69.6% | 68.1% | 70.1% | 66.6% | 61.5% | 51.8% | 51.2% | 46.6% | 42.3% | 36.3% | 32.0% | 25.2% | 25.0% | 17.2% | 11.8% | 4.3% | 3.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | ||
 蒙大拿州[34]
|
53.4% | 55.9% | 54.1% | 56.4% | 52.9% | 53.4% | 50.2% | 43.7% | 37.8% | 33.7% | 31.3% | 35.5% | 34.7% | 27.1% | 17.8% | 15.1% | ||||||||
 内布拉斯加州[35]
|
73.0% | 73.1% | 69.8% | 67.2% | 62.9% | 61.5% | 54.3% | 46.9% | 39.1% | 35.3% | 31.3% | 26.1% | 23.7% | 27.4% | 13.6% | 18.0% | 0.0% | |||||||
 内华达州[36]
|
94.1% | 94.2% | 91.5% | 87.4% | 85.3% | 80.9% | 70.4% | 57.2% | 39.3% | 37.8% | 19.7% | 16.3% | 17.0% | 33.8% | 31.1% | 16.4% | 0.0% | |||||||
 新罕布什尔州[37]
|
58.3% | 60.3% | 59.3% | 57.2% | 52.2% | 56.4% | 58.3% | 57.5% | 57.6% | 58.7% | 56.5% | 51.8% | 46.7% | 39.3% | 30.0% | 26.2% | 22.1% | 17.1% | 10.0% | 5.0% | 3.0% | 3.2% | 2.9% | 3.3% |
 新泽西州[38]
|
93.8% | 94.7% | 94.4% | 93.5% | 89.0% | 88.9% | 88.6% | 86.6% | 81.6% | 82.6% | 79.9% | 76.4% | 70.6% | 62.6% | 54.4% | 43.7% | 32.7% | 17.6% | 10.6% | 5.7% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
 新墨西哥州[39]
|
74.5% | 77.4% | 75.0% | 75.0% | 72.1% | 69.8% | 65.9% | 50.2% | 33.2% | 25.2% | 18.0% | 14.2% | 14.0% | 6.2% | 5.5% | 5.2% | 5.3% | 7.4% | ||||||
 纽约州[40]
|
87.4% | 87.9% | 87.5% | 87.4% | 84.6% | 85.7% | 85.4% | 85.5% | 82.8% | 83.6% | 82.7% | 78.9% | 72.9% | 65.1% | 56.4% | 50.0% | 39.3% | 29.2% | 19.4% | 14.9% | 11.7% | 12.7% | 12.7% | 11.5% |
 北卡罗来纳州[41]
|
66.7% | 66.1% | 60.2% | 57.8% | 48.0% | 45.5% | 39.5% | 33.7% | 27.3% | 25.5% | 19.2% | 14.4% | 9.9% | 7.2% | 3.9% | 3.4% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 1.8% | 1.4% | 2.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
 北达科他州[42]
|
61.0% | 59.9% | 55.9% | 53.4% | 48.8% | 44.3% | 35.2% | 26.6% | 20.6% | 16.6% | 13.6% | 11.0% | 7.3% | 5.6% | 7.3% | 0.0% | ||||||||
 俄亥俄州[43]
|
76.3% | 77.9% | 77.4% | 77.5% | 73.3% | 75.3% | 73.4% | 70.2% | 66.8% | 67.8% | 63.8% | 55.9% | 48.1% | 41.1% | 32.2% | 25.6% | 17.1% | 12.2% | 5.5% | 3.9% | 1.7% | 1.1% | 0.0% | |
 奥克拉荷马州[44]
|
64.6% | 66.2% | 65.3% | 65.2% | 67.3% | 68.0% | 62.9% | 51.0% | 37.6% | 34.3% | 26.5% | 19.2% | 7.4% | 3.7% | ||||||||||
 俄勒冈州[45]
|
80.5% | 81.0% | 78.7% | 74.9% | 67.9% | 67.1% | 62.2% | 53.9% | 48.8% | 51.3% | 49.8% | 45.6% | 32.2% | 27.9% | 14.8% | 9.1% | 5.5% | 0.0% | ||||||
 宾夕法尼亚州[46]
|
76.5% | 78.7% | 77.1% | 76.8% | 69.3% | 71.5% | 71.6% | 70.5% | 66.5% | 67.8% | 65.1% | 60.4% | 54.7% | 48.6% | 41.6% | 37.3% | 30.8% | 23.6% | 17.9% | 15.3% | 13.0% | 12.8% | 11.3% | 10.2% |
 罗得岛州[6]
|
91.1% | 90.7% | 90.9% | 89.9% | 87.0% | 87.1% | 86.4% | 84.3% | 91.6% | 92.4% | 91.9% | 91.0% | 88.3% | 85.3% | 82.0% | 74.6% | 63.3% | 55.6%[6] | 43.8% | 31.2% | 23.0% | 23.4% | 20.8% | 19.0% |
 南卡罗来纳州[47]
|
67.9% | 66.3% | 60.5% | 61.5% | 54.1% | 48.3% | 41.2% | 36.7% | 24.5% | 21.3% | 17.5% | 14.8% | 12.8% | 10.1% | 7.5% | 8.6% | 6.9% | 7.3% | 5.7% | 5.8% | 4.9% | 6.0% | 5.4% | 6.6% |
 南达科他州[48]
|
57.2% | 56.7% | 51.9% | 50.3% | 46.4% | 44.6% | 39.3% | 33.2% | 24.6% | 18.9% | 16.0% | 13.1% | 10.2% | 8.2% | 7.3% | 0.0% | ||||||||
 田纳西州[49]
|
66.2% | 66.4% | 63.6% | 62.7% | 60.4% | 59.1% | 52.3% | 44.1% | 35.2% | 34.3% | 26.1% | 20.2% | 16.2% | 13.5% | 7.5% | 7.5% | 4.2% | 2.2% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
 德克萨斯州[50]
|
83.7% | 84.7% | 82.5% | 81.2% | 79.6% | 79.7% | 75.0% | 62.7% | 45.4% | 41.0% | 32.4% | 24.1% | 17.1% | 15.6% | 9.2% | 6.7% | 4.4% | 3.6% | ||||||
 犹他州[51]
|
89.8% | 90.6% | 88.2% | 86.8% | 84.4% | 80.4% | 74.9% | 65.3% | 55.5% | 52.4% | 48.0% | 46.3% | 38.1% | 35.7% | 23.4% | 18.5% | 20.5% | 0.0% | ||||||
 佛蒙特州[52]
|
35.1% | 38.9% | 38.2% | 40.2% | 33.8% | 32.2% | 38.5% | 36.4% | 34.3% | 33.0% | 31.2% | 27.8% | 22.1% | 15.2% | 10.0% | 6.9% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
 弗吉尼亚州[53]
|
75.6% | 75.5% | 73.0% | 71.5% | 66.0% | 63.2% | 55.6% | 47.0% | 35.3% | 32.4% | 29.2% | 23.1% | 18.3% | 17.1% | 12.5% | 11.9% | 9.5% | 8.0% | 6.9% | 4.8% | 3.8% | 3.6% | 2.6% | 1.8% |
 华盛顿州[54]
|
83.4% | 84.0% | 82.0% | 79.9% | 73.5% | 73.4% | 68.1% | 63.2% | 53.1% | 56.6% | 54.8% | 53.0% | 40.8% | 35.6% | 9.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | ||||||
 西弗吉尼亚州[55]
|
44.6% | 48.7% | 46.1% | 46.9% | 36.2% | 39.1% | 38.2% | 34.6% | 28.1% | 28.4% | 25.2% | 18.7% | 13.1% | 10.7% | 8.7% | 8.1% | 5.3% | 3.8% | 3.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
 威斯康星州[56]
|
67.1% | 70.2% | 68.3% | 67.3% | 64.2% | 65.9% | 63.8% | 57.9% | 53.5% | 52.9% | 47.3% | 43.0% | 38.2% | 33.2% | 24.1% | 19.6% | 14.4% | 9.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | |||
 怀俄明州[57]
|
62.0% | 64.8% | 65.1% | 67.1% | 62.7% | 60.5% | 56.8% | 49.8% | 37.3% | 31.1% | 29.4% | 29.6% | 28.8% | 34.3% | 29.6% | 0.0% | ||||||||
 波多黎各[58]
|
91.9% | 93.8% | 94.4% | 92.9% | 66.8% | 58.1% | 44.2% | 40.5% | 30.3% | 27.7% | 21.8% | 20.1% | 14.6%[a] | |||||||||||
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- ^ North Dakota: 2010 (PDF). 2010 Census of Population and Housing, Population and Housing Unit Counts, CPH-2-5. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau: 1. 2012 [2023-02-04]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-02-04）.
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- ^ West Virginia: 2010 (PDF). 2010 Census of Population and Housing, Population and Housing Unit Counts, CPH-2-5. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau: 1. 2012 [2023-02-04]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-02-04）.
- ^ Wisconsin: 2010 (PDF). 2010 Census of Population and Housing, Population and Housing Unit Counts, CPH-2-5. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau: 1. 2012 [2023-02-04]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-11-11）.
- ^ Wyoming: 2010 (PDF). 2010 Census of Population and Housing, Population and Housing Unit Counts, CPH-2-5. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau: 1. 2012 [2023-02-04]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-02-04）.
- ^ Puerto Rico: 2010 (PDF). 2010 Census of Population and Housing, Population and Housing Unit Counts, CPH-2-5. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau: 1. 2012 [2023-02-04]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-02-04）.
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