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组织胞浆菌病

Histoplasmosis
显示组织胞浆菌病染色后的组织病理学变化。
分类和外部资源
医学专科传染病科
ICD-111F2A
ICD-10B3939.
ICD-9-CM115、​115.9
OMIM312500
DiseasesDB5925
MedlinePlus001082
eMedicine1002185、​299054
Orphanet390
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

组织胞浆菌病(学名:Histoplasmosis) 是由真菌荚膜阿耶罗菌(Ajellomyces capsulatus,现名荚膜伊蒙菌,Emmonsiella capsulata ) 引起的疾病。[1]通常借由呼吸道造成免疫系统部正常之肺部疾病 。 [2]对大多数人为轻微疾病,但也有些病例会蔓延到其他器官或骨骼,若不及时治疗可能会致命。

组织胞浆病菌在艾滋病患者中很常见,因为其免疫力受到HIV病毒影响所抑制。

此病原存在于土壤中,特别是含有蝙蝠及鸟禽粪便之土壤,从挖掘或施工中破坏受污染土壤而释放孢子,人类吸入后会沉积到肺部感染,但人与人之间不会互相传染。

症状

感染后上唇皮肤组织病变

如果感染组织胞浆菌病,症状会在接触后3至17天内开始。组织胞浆菌病的急性期特征为一般呼吸道症状如咳嗽或流感,大多数受感染的个体并且没有明显的不良影响。胸部X光检查结果在40-70%的病例中是正常的。[3] 慢性组织胞浆菌病病例可能与结核病相似[4][5] ;播散性组织胞浆菌病影响多器官系统,除非得到治疗否则致命。[6]

并发症

在没有适当治疗的情况下,特别是在免疫受损的个体中,可能出现并发症。包含复发性肺炎呼吸衰竭肺血管阻塞淋巴结纤维化等病症。在病变愈合后,坚硬的钙化淋巴结会侵蚀气道壁,引起咳血。

机制

Histoplasmosis capsulatum 生长在被鸟或蝙蝠粪便、鸟粪所污染的土壤中。这种真菌具有二型性,在环境中(37°C以下)以褐色菌丝体型态存在 ,在人类体上(体温37°C以上)会以酵母型式存在。[2] 组织胞浆菌病不具有传染性,但通过吸入来自受污染土壤或鸟粪中的分生孢子达肺泡感染。在肺泡中,巨噬细胞摄取这些小分生孢子。而分生孢子在吞噬体中以酵母型态内存活并繁殖,借由巨噬细胞在淋巴循环中传播到不同器官。

治疗

大多数免疫活体个体中组织胞浆菌病可在没有任何治疗的情况下痊愈,但若病情严重可使用抗真菌药物来治疗,典型治疗方式为先用两性霉素B 然后在口服伊曲康唑[7][8] 。在重症病例中伊曲康唑治疗至少需要持续一年[9],而在急性肺组织胞浆菌病中,治疗6至12周就足够了。

历史

组织胞浆菌由Samuel T. Darling于1905年发现[10] ,但在20世纪30年代才成为一种普遍的感染的流行病。在此之前,许多组织胞浆菌病病例被错误地诊断为结核病, 患者因而错过治疗反而被关进结核病疗养院被二次感染。[11]

参考资料

  1. ^ Jean., Bolognia,; L., Jorizzo, Joseph; P., Rapini, Ronald. Dermatology. 2nd ed. [St. Louis, Mo.]: Mosby/Elsevier https://web.archive.org/web/20191213003313/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/212399895. 2008 [2018-12-27]. ISBN 9781416029991. OCLC 212399895. (原始内容存档于2019-12-13).  缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Ryan KJ, Ray CG (编). Sherris Medical Microbiology 4th. McGraw Hill. 2004: 674–6. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0. 
  3. ^ Silberberg P. Radiology Teaching Files: Case 224856 (Histoplasmosis). 2007-03-26 [2007-07-27]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-03). 
  4. ^ Tong P, Tan WC, Pang M. Sporadic disseminated histoplasmosis simulating miliary tuberculosis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983, 287 (6395): 822–3. PMC 1549119可免费查阅. PMID 6412842. doi:10.1136/bmj.287.6395.822. 
  5. ^ Gari-Toussaint, Marty P, Le Fichoux Y, Loubière R. Histoplasmose d'importation à Histoplasma capsulatum, données biocliniques et thérapeutiques variées, à propos de trois cas observés dans les Alpes maritimes. Bull Soc Fr Mycol Med. 1987, 16 (1): 87–90 [2018-12-27]. (原始内容存档于2012-04-06). 
  6. ^ Kauffman, CA. Histoplasmosis: a clinical and laboratory update. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. January 2007, 20 (1): 115–132. PMC 1797635可免费查阅. PMID 17223625. doi:10.1128/CMR.00027-06. 
  7. ^ Wheat L. J., Freifeld A. G., Kleiman M. B.; et al. "Infectious Diseases Society of America (2007). "Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2007, 45 (7): 807–25. PMID 17806045. doi:10.1086/521259. 
  8. ^ Histoplasmosis: Fungal Infections at Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy英语Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Home Edition
  9. ^ Barron MA, Madinger NE. Opportunistic Fungal Infections, Part 3: Cryptococcosis, Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Emerging Mould Infections. Infections in Medicine. November 18, 2008 [2018-12-27]. (原始内容存档于2010-03-14). 
  10. ^ Darling ST. A protozoan general infection producing pseudotubercles in the lungs and focal necrosis in the liver, spleen and lymphnodes. J Am Med Assoc. 1906, 46 (17): 1283–5 [2018-12-27]. doi:10.1001/jama.1906.62510440037003. (原始内容存档于2021-08-28). 
  11. ^ 1933-, Bennett, John E. (John Eugene),; Raphael,, Dolin,; J.,, Blaser, Martin; 1934-, Douglas, R. Gordon (Robert Gordon),. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Eighth edition. Philadelphia, PA https://web.archive.org/web/20200518114919/https://www.worldcat.org/title/mandell-douglas-and-bennetts-principles-and-practice-of-infectious-diseases/oclc/889211235. [2018-12-27]. ISBN 9780323401616. OCLC 889211235. (原始内容存档于2020-05-18).  缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
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组织胞浆菌病
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