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纳米颗粒

TEM (a、b和c)所制备的介孔二氧化硅(mesoporous silica)纳米颗粒的影像,平均外径为:(a)20nm、(b)45nm、和(c)80nm。 SEM(d)对应于(b)的影像。 插图是高倍放大的介孔二氧化硅颗粒。
nanoparticle”的各地常用译名
中国大陆纳米颗粒
台湾奈米颗粒
香港奈米颗粒
新马奈米颗粒
纳米颗粒的图片

纳米颗粒(nanoparticle),通常定义为直径在1至100纳米 (nm) 之间的物质颗粒[1][2]。小于10纳米的半导体纳米颗粒,由于其电子能级量子化,又被称为量子点

纳米颗粒通常与微米颗粒(Microparticle)(1-1000 µm)、“细颗粒”("fine particles")(尺寸在100 到2500 nm 之间)、和“粗颗粒”("coarse particles" )(范围在2500 到10,000 nm 之间)区分开来,因为它们的较小尺寸驱动着截然不同的物理或化学特性,如胶体性质和超快光学效应[3]或电学性质。

由于更容易受到布朗运动的影响,它们通常不会像胶体颗粒那样沉积,相反,胶体颗粒的粒径范围通常为1至1000nm。

纳米颗粒具有重要的科学研究价值,它搭起了大块物质原子分子之间的桥梁。大块物质的物理性质通常与大小无关,但是在纳米尺寸上却通常并非如此。一些和尺寸相关的物理性质被观测到,例如:半导体纳米颗粒的量子束缚,一些金属纳米颗粒的表面胞质共振(surface plasmon resonance),磁性材料的超顺磁性,400纳米金环,当外加磁场时,金环产生震荡电阻,这种现象称作磁阻效应,而这种效应明显和环的小尺寸有关。 类固体和软的纳米颗粒也被制造出来。脂质体是典型的具有类固体特性的纳米颗粒。[4]

由于在生物医学,光学和电子等领域有多种潜在的应用,纳米颗粒研究目前是有强烈科学兴趣的领域。

定义

国际纯粹与应用化学联合会(IUPAC)

在2012年提出的生物相关聚合物术语中,国际纯粹与应用化学联合会(IUPAC)将纳米颗粒定义为“尺寸在 1 × 10−9 和 1 × 10−7 m 范围内的任何形状的颗粒”[2]。 这个定义是由IUPAC在1997年所给出的定义演变而来[5][6]

在2012年的另一份出版物中,IUPAC将该术语扩展为包括仅二维低于 100 nm 的管和纤维[7]

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (): "Module 3: Characteristics of Particles Particle Size Categories". From the EPA Website.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Vert, M.; Doi, Y.; Hellwich, K. H.; Hess, M.; Hodge, P.; Kubisa, P.; Rinaudo, M.; Schué, F. O. Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications (IUPAC Recommendations 2012). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2012, 84 (2): 377 410. S2CID 98107080. doi:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-12-04可免费查阅. 
  3. ^ Torres-Torres, C; López-Suárez, A; Can-Uc, B; Rangel-Rojo, R; Tamayo-Rivera, L; Oliver, A. Collective optical Kerr effect exhibited by an integrated configuration of silicon quantum dots and gold nanoparticles embedded in ion-implanted silica. Nanotechnology. 2015-07-24, 26 (29): 295701. Bibcode:2015Nanot..26C5701T. ISSN 0957-4484. PMID 26135968. S2CID 45625439. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/26/29/295701. 
  4. ^ (1962.2~), 李德胜,. 微纳米技术及其应用. 纳米技术. Ke xue chu ban she. 2005.7. ISBN 7-03-015288-3. OCLC 952505470. 
  5. ^ MacNaught, Alan D.; Wilkinson, Andrew R. (编). Compendium of Chemical Terminology: IUPAC Recommendations 2nd. Blackwell Science. 1997. ISBN 978-0865426849. 
  6. ^ Alemán, J. V.; Chadwick, A. V.; He, J.; Hess, M.; Horie, K.; Jones, R. G.; Kratochvíl, P.; Meisel, I.; Mita, I.; Moad, G.; Penczek, S.; Stepto, R. F. T. Definitions of terms relating to the structure and processing of sols, gels, networks, and inorganic-organic hybrid materials (IUPAC Recommendations 2007). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 1 January 2007, 79 (10): 1801–1829. S2CID 97620232. doi:10.1351/pac200779101801可免费查阅. 
  7. ^ Vert, Michel; Doi, Yoshiharu; Hellwich, Karl-Heinz; Hess, Michael; Hodge, Philip; Kubisa, Przemyslaw; Rinaudo, Marguerite; Schué, François. Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications (IUPAC Recommendations 2012). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 11 January 2012, 84 (2): 377–410. S2CID 98107080. doi:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-12-04可免费查阅. 
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纳米颗粒
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