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红翅黑鹂

红翅黑鹂
雄鸟
雌鸟
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 鸟纲 Aves
目: 雀形目 Passeriformes
科: 拟鹂科 Icteridae
属: 黑鹂属 Agelaius
种:
红翅黑鹂 A. phoeniceus
二名法
Agelaius phoeniceus
Linnaeus, 1766)
红翅黑鹂分布图
  繁殖区
  过冬区
  留栖性(不迁徙)族群

红翅黑鹂学名Agelaius phoeniceus,英文名:red-winged blackbird),亦作红翅乌鸫美洲红翼鸫,是黑鹂属的一种鸟类,主要分布于北美洲。分有多个族群,北部的族群在冬季飞往南部过冬,此外在萨尔瓦多西部、洪都拉斯西北部和哥斯达黎加西北部有独立的族群。数量极多,是北美洲数量最多的陆禽,学者对这种鸟也有极为透彻的研究[2][3][4]。红翅黑鹂的两性异形特征十分明显,雄性通体黑色、有红色的肩部和黄色色带,雌性通体深褐色,无其他明显特征。红翅黑鹂是杂食动物,以植物种子和昆虫为食。

分类

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红翅黑鹂是黑鹂属Agelaius)下的十一个种之一,而该属所在的拟黄鹂科(Icteridae)下所有生物均只生活在南美洲北美洲[5]卡尔·林奈在《自然系统》中将其学名定为Oriolus phoeniceus[6],但后来在1816年由路易·皮埃尔·维埃约移入黑鹂属[7]。其属名来自古希腊语的拉丁转写词agelaios,意思是“一群中的”,种加词phoeniceus来自拉丁语,意思是“深红色”[8]

红翅黑鹂有多个亚种,大多数看起来极为相似。只有加利福尼亚州和墨西哥中部的A. p. gubernator之间色彩区别明显。实际上它们与红翅黑鹂的关系还存疑[9]

描述

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Dark bird with red shoulder patches
翅膀鲜艳的羽色是红翅黑鹂的特征

其常用名来自雄性的黑色羽毛和红色肩部,后者无论是飞行中还是栖息时都很明显[10]。除去有三色黑鹂的美国西部以外,红翅黑鹂在大多数地区都很容易辨认[9]。雌性通体黑褐色,羽毛并不鲜艳。雌性比雄性小,雌性体长17—18厘米(6.7—7.1英寸)、重约41.5克(1.46盎司),雄性体长22—24厘米(8.7—9.4英寸)、重约64克(2.3盎司)[11]。最小的雌性个体体重低至29克(1.0盎司),最重的雄性可达82克(2.9盎司)[12]。翅膀长度8.1—14.4厘米(3.2—5.7英寸),尾巴长6.1—10.9厘米(2.4—4.3英寸),嘴峰长1.3—3.2厘米(0.51—1.26英寸),跗骨长2.1厘米(0.83英寸)[9]。两性的喙都很尖锐,连同眼睛、跗跖在内均是黑色的[13]

幼鸟羽毛和成年雌性相似,但下半身更浅,且羽毛边缘呈浅黄色[13]。红翅黑鹂有多种声音,一种是发音像是用喉音发出的“check”、一种是含糊的哨子样的“terrr-eeee”。雄性在展示羽毛时会发出尖厉的“oak-a-lee”声[14][15]。雌性也会歌唱,一般声音类似“chit chit chit chit chit chit cheer teer teer teerr”[9]

分布

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红翅黑鹂自阿拉斯加南部到尤卡坦半岛加利福尼亚州沿海到加拿大东部都有分布。加拿大等北部地区是繁殖区,这些地区的红翅黑鹂都是候鸟,而南部则大多是留鸟。每年九月到十月间是迁徙季节,但有时八月也会出现红翅黑鹂迁徙的迹象。[16]

红翅黑鹂生活在开阔的草地上,尤其偏爱湿地,这其中又以生长香蒲之地为最。不过在草原和荒废地上也常能找到它们。[16]

参考文献

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  1. ^ BirdLife International. Agelaius phoeniceus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [26 November 2013]. 
  2. ^ Yasukawa, Ken; Searcy, William A. A. Poole , 编. Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus). Birds of North America Online. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 1995 [2012-11-13]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-30). 
  3. ^ McWilliams, Gerald M.; Brauning, Daniel W. The Birds of Pennsylvania. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 2000. ISBN 0801436435. 
  4. ^ Dolbeer, Richard A. Blackbirds and their Biology. Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management. 2008 [16 April 2013]. (原始内容存档于2014-07-03). 
  5. ^ Agelaius phoeniceus. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. [2008-06-30]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-30). 
  6. ^ Linnaeus, C. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio duodecima, reformata. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). 1766: 161. (原始内容存档于2015-03-19) (拉丁语). 
  7. ^ Vieillot, L.P. Analyse D'Une Nouvelle Ornithologie Elementaire [A New Analysis of Elementary Ornithology]. 1816: 33 (法语). 
  8. ^ Neff, John. Red-Winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus). Northern State University. 1997 [2008-06-30]. (原始内容存档于2008-02-19). 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Jaramillo, Alvaro; Burke, Peter. New World Blackbirds: The Icterids. London: Christopher Helm. 1999: 258–269. ISBN 0-7136-4333-1. 
  10. ^ Peterson, Roger Tory. A Field Guide to the Birds East of the Rockies. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1980: 253. ISBN 5-550-55149-7. 
  11. ^ Gough, Gregory. Agelaius phoeniceus. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. 2003 [2008-06-29]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-19). 
  12. ^ John B. Dunning Jr. (编). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press. 1992. ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Agelaius phoeniceus. All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2003 [2008-06-29]. (原始内容存档于2009-03-21). 
  14. ^ Peterson, Roger Tory. A Field Guide to the Birds: Eastern and Central North America. HMCo Field Guides. 1999: 230. ISBN 0-395-96371-0. 
  15. ^ Sibley, David Allen. The Sibley Guide to Birds. Alfred Knopf. 2000: 513. ISBN 0-679-45122-6. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Rosenthal, A. Agelaius phoeniceus. Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 2004 [2008-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2011-03-16). 

外部链接

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红翅黑鹂
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