精密科学
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精密科学（英语：Exact science），或称量化科学或精确科学[1]，是指“承认其结果绝对精确”的科学，特别是数学科学[2]。精密科学的例子有数学、光学、天文学[3]、及物理。像笛卡尔、莱布尼茨、康德等哲学家以及逻辑实证主义者都以此为理性以及客观知识的典范[4]。这些科学已在许多文化中实践，从古代[5][6]到现代[7][8]。精密科学都和数学有关，其特点是有精准量化表示、准确预测，以及测试假说的严谨方法，尤其是利用可重复性的实验，其中有可量化的预测及测量[9]。
相关条目
参考资料
- ^ Grant, Edward, A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 43, 2007, ISBN 9781139461092
- ^ Exact, adj.1, Oxford English Dictionary, Online version 2nd, Oxford: Oxford University Press, June 2016
- ^ Drake, Stillman; Swerdlow, N.M.; Levere, T.H. Essays on Galileo and the History and Philosophy of Science: Volume 1. University of Toronto Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8020-7585-7. doi:10.3138/j.ctvcj2wt5.
- ^ Friedman, Michael, Philosophy and the Exact Sciences: Logical Positivism as a Case Study, Earman, John (编), Inference, Explanation, and Other Frustrations: Essays in the Philosophy of Science, Pittsburgh series in philosophy and history of science 14, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press: 84, 1992, ISBN 9780520075771
- ^ Neugebauer, Otto, The Exact Sciences in Antiquity, The Science Library 2nd, reprint, New York: Harper & Bros., 1962
- ^ Sarkar, Benoy Kumar, Hindu Achievements in Exact Science: A Study in the History of Scientific Development, London / New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 1918, ISBN 9780598626806
- ^ Harman, Peter M.; Shapiro, Alan E., The Investigation of Difficult Things: Essays on Newton and the History of the Exact Sciences in Honour of D. T. Whiteside, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 9780521892667
- ^ Pyenson, Lewis, Cultural Imperialism and Exact Sciences Revisited, Isis, 1993, 84 (1): 103–108, Bibcode:1993Isis...84..103P, JSTOR 235556, S2CID 144588820, doi:10.1086/356376,
[M]any of the exact sciences… between Claudius Ptolemy and Tycho Brahe were in a common register, whether studied in the diverse parts of the Islamic world, in India, in Christian Europe, in China, or apparently in Mesoamerica.
- ^ Shapin, Steven. The Scientific Revolution 2nd. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. 2018: 46–47. ISBN 9780226398341.
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