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积云

积云
台湾夏末的积云
台湾夏末的积云
缩写符号Cu
云形符号
直展云族
积云属
高度最高可超过10,000 m
特征棉状,团块状
降水性通常无降水,但浓积云可能会伴随雨雪

积云拉丁语Cumulus,符号:Cu)常在晴天出现,通常具有如同棉花的形状。云顶部常呈现菜花状或是圆弧状,云底基本为水平状,多垂直向上发展。云内部的凝结核密度较高,当挡在阳光前能明显看出明暗差距。其拉丁语名称Cumulus意为“堆积”。

积云往往是出现积雨云等许多其他云形的前兆,这取决于大气稳定程度、湿度温度梯度等各种气象因素。通常积云不会带来降水,但它们通常可以生长为降水性的浓积云或是积雨云。积云可以由水蒸气、过冷的水珠或是冰晶构成,受环境的温度所影响。积云与积雨云同属于对流云的一种。

积云是由于空气对流上升,到空中因为绝热冷却,上升的热气团突然冷却[1],空中干燥空气温度每上升100平均降低1°C ,而露点每上升100米会降低0.15°C[2],当空气温度达到露点时,其中的水蒸汽凝结成滴,形成云团,云团的大小取决于当地温度和气压的状况,一般发生积云都是在晴天状态,但当积云顶部超过大气的冰点层时,也会发生降水[3],降水造成小阵,取决于地面的温度状态。在有的天气,可能形成直线排列的积云,山区地形也会影响积云的排列状态[4][5]。积云产生的高度取决于热空气团的湿度,湿度高产生的积云比较低[6] ,在温带,一般积云低部处于2,400高度,在干旱的山区,可以达到6,000米高。

积云可能形成线状,延伸超过480km长,称作云街。云街可能覆盖大片区域且断断续续地排列。云街是风切变引起大气内的水平循环时形成的,通常在高气压下形成,比如在冷锋过后。

滑翔机驾驶员因为需要借助上升气流,经常关注积云的产生。

分类

变种

补充特征与附属形态

  • 幞状积云(Cumulus pileus, Cu pil)
  • 缟状积云(Cumulus velum, Cu vel)
  • 幡状积云(Cumulus virga, Cu vir)
  • 降水性积云(Cumulus praecipitatio, Cu pra)
  • 弧状积云(Cumulus arcus, Cu arc)
  • 破片状积云(Cumulus pannus, Cu pan)
  • 管状积云(Cumulus tuba, Cu tub)
  • 波浪状积云(Cumulus fluctus, Cu flu)

图集

注释

  1. ^ 《中国云图》为Cu cong

参考资料

  1. ^ BBC - Cumulus Clouds. [2008-08-15]. (原始内容存档于2008-03-25) (英语). 
  2. ^ Brunt, D. Physical and Dynamical Meteorology. London: Cambridge University Press. 1939. 
  3. ^ Mossop, S C; Hallett J. Ice Crystal Concentration in Cumulus Clouds: Influence of the Drop Spectrum: Science. AAAS. November 1974. 
  4. ^ Wave Soaring Over the British Isles. [2008-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2008-12-12) (英语). 
  5. ^ Russell, Sharman. The Language of Clouds. Natural Resources Defense Council. [2008-10-14]. (原始内容存档于2008-10-26). 
  6. ^ ARIC - Cumulus Clouds. [2008-08-16]. (原始内容存档于2008-08-08) (英语). 

外部链接


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积云
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