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科学实在论

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科学实在论(英语:scientific realism)是对世界的一种看法、理解。在最广泛的意义上,它认为科学所描述的世界,就是真实的世界,亦因而完全独立于人们对世界的个人理解。在科学哲学中,科学实在论经常被描述为回应“科学的成就应当如何解释?”的答案。科学理论中,有时会毫不含糊地提及到一些人类仍然未能够透过观察来确认其存在的东西;在辩论科学的成就到底涉及些什么时,一个主要焦点就是这些无法观察到的实体有什么角色。跟工具主义相反,一般来说,科学实在论者认为可以对无法观察到的实体作出可靠的推论(亦即是,推论所带出的主张和无法观察到的实体在存在性上有相同地位)。

科学实在论的主要特点

科学实在论涉及两个基本立场。首先,它是有关于最理想的科学理论所需要具备的特征的一系列主张;一个最理想的科学理论正是科学研究的工作目标。第二,它是一个坚持,承诺科学研究所得出的理论最终会跟最理想的科学理论十分相似,而事实上,科学在一些领域上已经把这个承诺实践得相当不错。必需指出,一个科学实在论者可以只对某些科学领域,而非所有科学,抱有实在论立场。例如对物理、化学和生物学抱持实在论态度,却不对经济学、心理学和社会学抱有同样态度。

科学实在论认为,最理想的科学理论有下列特征:

  1. 该理论所作的主张只会是对或者是错,视乎理论所谈及的实体是否存在,以及对该实体所作的描述正确与否。这就是科学实在论对语义学的坚持。
  2. 该理论所描述的实体是客观而独立于思考地存在的。这就是科学实在论对形而上学的坚持。
  3. 该理论的很大部分都有足够理由令人信服。这就是科学实在论在知识论上的坚持。

把第一和第二个特征所组成的要求,就是最理想的科学理论会对真正存在的东西提出明确的主张。第三个特征就是说这些主张都有足够的理由令人相信它们是真确的。

科学实在论通常认为科学带来进步,例如:科学理论通常都会演化得愈来愈好,或者说,能够回答到愈来愈多的问题。因此,不论是否科学实在论者,很多人认为实在论去理解科学的进步,应该建基于科学理论是否和科学实在论者口中最理想的科学理论愈来愈相似。

参考文献

参考书目

  • Boyd, R. N. (1988). "How to Be A Moral Realist", in G. Sayre-McCord, ed., Essays on Moral Realism, Cornell University Press, pp. 181–228页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  • Bunge, Mario. (2006). Chasing Reality: Strife over Realism. Toronto Studies in Philosophy: University of Toronto Press
  • Bunge, Mario. (2001). Scientific Realism: Selected Essays of Mario Bunge. Mahner, M. (Ed.) New York: Prometheus Books
  • Devitt, Michael, "Scientific realism". In: Oxford handbook of contemporary analytic philosophy (2005)
  • Hempel, Carl. (1950). "Empiricist Criteria of Cognitive Significance" in Boyd, Richard et al. eds. (1990). The Philosophy of Science Cambridge: MIT Press..
  • Hunt, Shelby D. (2003). "Controversy in Marketing Theory: For Reason, Realism, Truth, and Objectivity." Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
  • Hunt Shelby D. (2011). "Theory Status, Inductive Realism, And Approximate Truth: No Miracles, No Charades." International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 25(2), 159–178.
  • Kukla, A. (2000). Social constructivism and the philosophy of science. London: Routledge.
  • Kuhn, Thomas. (1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Laudan, Larry. (1981). "A Confutation of Convergent Realism" Philosophy of Science
  • Leplin, Jarrett. (1984). Scientific Realism. California: University of California Press.
  • Leplin, Jarrett. (1997). A Novel Defense of Scientific Realism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Lipton, Peter. (2004). Inference to the best explanation, 2nd edition. London: Routledge.
  • Maxwell, G. (1962). "The Ontological Status of Theoretical Entities" in H. Feigl and G. Maxwell Scientific Explanation, Space, and Time vol. 3, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 3-15.
  • Okasha, Samir. (2002). Philosophy of science: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. See especially chapter 4, "Realism and Anti-Realism."
  • Putnam, Hilary. (1962). "What Theories are Not" in Ernst Nagel et al. (1962). Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science Stanford University Press.
  • Psillos, Stathis. (1999). Scientific realism: How science tracks truth. London: Routledge.
  • Quine, W.V.O. (1951). "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" in his (1953)[1]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). From a Logical Point of View Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Quine, W.V.O. (1960). Word and Object Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Sankey, H. (2001). "Scientific Realism: An Elaboration and a Defense" retrieved from http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

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科学实在论
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