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不可观测性.
不可观测性(英语:unobservability),是一种物理特性。人类不可直接观测其存在、本质、特性、质地,或交互作用的事物就称为不可观测的事物。在科学哲学中,不可观测的事物的典型例子包括:原子粒子、引力、因果关系、信念和欲望...等。[来源请求]不过,有些哲学家(例如:乔治·贝克莱)把所有客体——树林、桌子、别人的想法、小至微生物程度的事物以及其他等等人类视之为引发认知的东西,全都理解为“不可观测的”。
不可从观测发现一个科学理论曾毫不含糊地提到的东西,这情况跟伊曼努尔·康德所指出的本体-其称作物自体。(即一事物是存在的,不过它未有通过我们的感官机能和思想而成为被认知的事物,其存在不涉及他人、自然而然、而且其状态不可能为任何人所知[1])与现象(已被认知的事物)间的分别十分相似。据康德所说,人类不可能知道本体;人类所能够知道的就只有现象。康德所定的这种区分跟约翰·洛克对主要性质和次要性质的区分相似。次要性质就是人类对一件事物的理解,好像红色、叫声、热、发霉或者甜等等;而主要性质就是一件物件引发人类刚才那些感观认知的实际性质。[来源请求]
不可观测的事物的存在性和认识性问题是科学哲学的重要议题。科学现实主义认为这类在论理中提到但不可从观测中发现的事物是存在的;相反,工具主义认为诸如原子之类不可观测的事物可以是有用的科学模型(参见:模型),但不一定实际存在。
Metcalf[2] 将不可观测的事物分为三种:
- 逻辑上不可观测的事物,它涉及矛盾,例如:一个比特定长度更长且更短的长度。
- 操作上不可观察的事物,它其实可由人类既有的感官能力所感知,但由于操作上的困难使人类未可观测到它。
- 物理上不可观测的事物,它永远不可由人类既有的感官所观测到。
维特根斯坦在逻辑哲学论第5.633道命题中提出观测者自己的眼睛也是不可观测的事物。
参考
- ^ Stephen Palmquist, "The Radical Unknowability of Kant's 'Thing in Itself'", Cogito 3:2 (March 1985), pp.101-115; reprinted as Appendix V of Kant's System of Perspectives (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (University Press of America, 1993).
- ^ W. V. Metcalf, 1940, Philosophy of Science, Vol. 7, No. 3 , pp. 337-341
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