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碳化铝

碳化铝
IUPAC名
Aluminium carbide
别名 三碳化四铝
识别
CAS号 1299-86-1  checkY
12656-43-8  ☒N
PubChem 16685054
ChemSpider 21241412
SMILES
 
  • [Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[C-4].[C-4].[C-4]
InChI
 
  • 1/3C.4Al/q3*-4;4*+3
InChIKey TWHBEKGYWPPYQL-UHFFFAOYAR
UN编号 UN 1394
EINECS 215-076-2
MeSH Aluminum+carbide
性质
化学式 Al4C3
摩尔质量 143.95853 g·mol⁻¹
外观 淡黄棕色到无色(纯净物)晶体[1]
气味 无味
密度 2.93 g/cm3[1]
熔点 2200 °C(2473 K)
沸点 1400 °C分解[2]
溶解性 水解
结构[2]
晶体结构 六方晶系, 菱面体, hR21
空间群 R3m(No. 166)
晶格常数 a = 0.3335 nm, b = 0.3335 nm, c = 0.85422 nm
晶格常数 α = 78.743°, β = 78.743°, γ = 60°
热力学
ΔfHm298K -209 kJ/mol
S298K 88.95 J/mol K
热容 116.8 J/mol K
危险性
GHS危险性符号
《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(简称“GHS”)中易燃物的标签图案《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(简称“GHS”)中有害物质的标签图案
GHS提示词 Warning
H-术语 H261, H315, H319, H335
P-术语 P231+232, P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+352, P304+340, P305+351+338, P312, P321, P332+313, P337+313, P362, P370+378
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

碳化铝,又名三碳化四铝,化学式为Al4C3,是一种碳化物。外观为淡黄色至褐色晶体。在高达1400°C的温度下仍保持稳定。它在水中分解并产生甲烷

结构

碳化铝具有复杂的晶体结构,由Al2C和Al2C2交替层组成。 每个铝原子与4个碳原子配位形成四面体排列。碳原子存在于两种不同的结合环境中:第一个是由6个铝原子组成的变形八面体,距离为217 pm。另一种是扭曲的三角双锥体结构,由190–194 pm处的4个铝原子和221 pm 处的第五个铝原子组成。[3][4]

反应

碳化铝会水解并释放出甲烷。该反应在室温下进行,但加热会迅速反应:[5]

Al4C3 + 12 H2O → 4 Al(OH)3 + 3 CH4

其他质子试剂也会发生类似的反应:[1]

Al4C3 + 12 HCl → 4 AlCl3 + 3 CH4

将适当的Ti、Al4C3石墨混合物在约40 MPa下热等静压,在1300 °C下持续15小时,主要产生Ti2AlC0.5N0.5的单相样品,在1300 °C下持续30小时,主要产生Ti2AlC单相样品。[6]

制备

碳化铝可在电弧炉中使铝和碳直接反应制备[3]

4Al + 3C → Al4C3

另一种反应是从氧化铝开始,但由于会产生一氧化碳,因此不太常用:

2 Al2O3 + 9 C → Al4C3 + 6 CO

碳化硅也会与铝反应生成碳化铝。这种转化限制了碳化硅的机械应用,因为碳化铝比碳化硅更脆:[7]

4 Al + 3 SiC → Al4C3 + 3 Si

在碳化硅增强的铝基复合材料中,碳化硅和铝熔体的化学反应生成了一层碳化铝覆盖在碳化硅颗粒表面,虽然增加了碳化硅颗粒的浸润性,但降低了材料的强度[8]通过使用合适的氧化物或氮化物在碳化硅颗粒表面形成一层二氧化硅涂层能够降低发生这类反应的趋势。[9]

铝-碳化铝合金可以通过机械合金化或将铝粉和石墨粒子混合来制备。

产生

少量碳化铝是电石中的常见杂质。在电解冶炼金属铝时,碳化铝作为石墨电极腐蚀产物。[10]

在以铝为基质并且通过碳化物(如碳化硅碳化硼等)来增大强度的金属基复合材料碳纤维中,碳化铝常常成为不受欢迎的产品。例如碳纤维与铝基复合材料在500°C之上就能够发生反应,而如给其覆上一层硼化钛则能抑制化学反应。[来源请求]

应用

细分散在铝基复合材料中的碳化铝颗粒能降低材料蠕变的趋势,特别是在与碳化硅颗粒相结合时。[11]

碳化铝可作为高速切削工具的磨料[12],其硬度大致与黄玉相同。[13]

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Mary Eagleson. Concise encyclopedia chemistry需要免费注册. Walter de Gruyter. 1994: 52. ISBN 978-3-11-011451-5. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Gesing, T. M.; Jeitschko, W. The Crystal Structure and Chemical Properties of U2Al3C4 and Structure Refinement of Al4C3 50. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B, A journal of chemical sciences: 196–200. 1995. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Greenwood, Norman Neill; Earnshaw, Alan. Chemistry of the elements. 2016: 297. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9. OCLC 1040112384 (英语). 
  4. ^ Solozhenko, Vladimir L.; Kurakevych, Oleksandr O. Equation of state of aluminum carbide Al4C3. Solid State Communications. 2005, 133 (6): 385–388. Bibcode:2005SSCom.133..385S. ISSN 0038-1098. doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2004.11.030. 
  5. ^ qualitative inorganic analysis. CUP Archive. 1954: 102. 
  6. ^ Barsoum, M.W.; El-Raghy, T.; Ali, M. Processing and characterization of Ti2AlC, Ti2AlN, and Ti2AlC0.5N0.5. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 30 June 1999, 31 (7): 1857–1865. S2CID 138590417. doi:10.1007/s11661-006-0243-3. 
  7. ^ Deborah D. L. Chung. Composite Materials: Functional Materials for Modern Technologies. Springer. 2010: 315. ISBN 978-1-84882-830-8. 
  8. ^ Urena; Salazar, Gomez De; Gil; Escalera; Baldonedo. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy study of the microstructural changes occurring in aluminium matrix composites reinforced with SiC particles during casting and welding: interface reactions. Journal of Microscopy. 1999, 196 (2): 124–136. PMID 10540265. S2CID 24683423. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2818.1999.00610.x. 
  9. ^ Guillermo Requena. A359/SiC/xxp: A359 Al alloy reinforced with irregularly shaped SiC particles. MMC-ASSESS Metal Matrix Composites. [2007-10-07]. (原始内容存档于2007-08-15). 
  10. ^ Jomar Thonstad; et al. Aluminum Electrolysis : Fundamentals of the Hall-Héroult Process 3rd ed.. Aluminum-Verlag. 2001: 314. ISBN 978-3-87017-270-1. 
  11. ^ S.J. Zhu; L.M. Peng; Q. Zhou; Z.Y. Ma; K. Kucharova; J. Cadek. Creep behaviour of aluminum strengthened by fine aluminum carbide particles and reinforced by silicon carbide particulates DS Al-SiC/Al4C3composites. Acta Technica CSAV. 1998, (5): 435–455. (原始内容 (abstract)存档于2005-02-22). 
  12. ^ Jonathan James Saveker et al. "High speed cutting tool" 美国专利第6,033,789号, Issue date: Mar 7, 2000
  13. ^ E. Pietsch, ed.: "Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie: Aluminium, Teil A", Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1934–1935.
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碳化铝
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