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相对湿度 .
一台湿度计 正在纪录相对湿度 相对湿度 (英文 :relative humidity)是指单位体积空气 中,实际水蒸气 的分压与相同温度和体积下水饱和蒸气压 的百分比。也就是绝对湿度 与最高湿度之间的比,它的值显示水蒸气 的饱和度有多高。在当前的气温 之下,空气里的水分含量达至饱和,相对湿度就是100%。空气中相对湿度超过100% 时,水蒸气一般会凝结成水出来。随着温度的增高空气中可以含的水就越多,也就是说,在同样多的水蒸气的情况下温度降低相对湿度就会升高。因此在提供相对湿度的同时也必须提供温度 的数据。通过最高湿度和温度也可以计算出露点 。
计算公式
以下是计算相对湿度的公式:
φ
:=
ρ
w
ρ
w
,
m
a
x
⋅
100
%
=
e
E
⋅
100
%
=
s
S
⋅
100
%
{\displaystyle \varphi :={\frac {\rho _{w)){\rho _{w,max))}\cdot 100\ \%={\frac {e}{E))\cdot 100\ \%={\frac {s}{S))\cdot 100\ \%}
其中的符号分别是:
ρ
w
{\displaystyle \rho _{w))
– 绝对湿度 ,单位是克 /立方米
ρ
w
,
m
a
x
{\displaystyle \rho _{w,max))
– 最高湿度,单位是克/立方米
e – 蒸汽压 ,单位是帕斯卡
E – 饱和蒸气压 ,单位是帕斯卡
s – 比湿 ,单位是克/千克
S – 最高比湿,单位是克/千克通常气温的改变比水汽压的改变要快,所以温度往往起主导作用;当水汽压一定时,温度降低则相对湿度增大,温度升高则相对湿度减小;雾和霜在夜间或清晨产生就是这个道理。
应用
相对湿度常用于气象 预测之中。它反映了降雨 、有雾 的可能性。在炎热的天气之下,高的相对湿度会让人类(和其他动物)感到更热,因为这妨碍了汗 的挥发。人类可以从而制订出酷热指数 。香港天文台 会因应温度和相对湿度,而发出“酷热天气警告 ”。另外,秋冬两季和初春,香港受到东北季候风带来的干燥大陆性气流影响,湿度通常较低,风速通常较高,任何物品,不论室内或户外,都会变得干燥,火警更容易发生。遇上阳光普照的天气,情况便会更为严重,即使是星星之火,转瞬间便会酿成火灾。天文台在决定是否发出火灾危险警告 时会根据有利于火警发生及扩散的天气因素,如低湿度及高风速,以及由渔农自然护理署提供有关草木干燥情况的资料。
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