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云凝结核

云凝结核(英语:Cloud condensation nuclei),又称凝结核,是使水蒸气凝结为液态时,作为凝结核心的颗粒。在纯粹只有气态水分子和其他气体存在的空间中,水分子间的相互作用较小,些微的温度下降并不足以使过饱合环境下的水分子相互凝聚成为液态,此时若有恰当的固态表面则可以做为媒介使表面上聚集的水分子间产生较大的作用并且持续和气态水分子作用而造成冷凝,若此固体为微小的颗粒,则水的冷凝发生于颗粒表面上并且快速将颗粒包裹而成为微小雾滴,大量的微小粒子形成大量聚集的雾滴而成为云雾,雾滴够大且够密集的云雾则雾滴间互相碰撞结合后体积增大而形成雨滴。若温度够时将不生成雾滴,而是于凝结核上直接生成水的固态结晶,结晶持续成长后成为肉眼可见的雪花。除矿物的微小颗粒外,细菌真菌及微小藻类也可以作为凝结核。[1]

运用

降雨与降雪与凝结核有关,可以通过控制大气中凝结核的含量来实现人工降雨。

简易实验演示方法

带有凝结核的瓶子经历绝热压缩升温后无云雾
带有凝结核的瓶子经历绝热膨胀后降温凝结云雾

将一透明的矿泉水瓶洗净后,内部装约5~10cc的自来水后盖紧瓶盖,剧烈摇晃瓶身数秒使瓶中水蒸气分压接近饱和,接着打开瓶盖将一点燃且飘出可见烟雾的线香伸入瓶中约一秒后抽出线香并且立即盖紧瓶盖,此时用力按压该矿泉水瓶,也就是对矿泉水瓶内的气体作绝热压缩使其升温,可以看见保特瓶内为透明状态,维持数秒使热能逸散至外界,接着放开宝特瓶让其回弹,也就是作绝热膨胀,瓶内降温并且因凝结核的存在而产生云雾充满瓶中,若没有线香的烟雾存在则不会于回弹阶段产生云雾的凝结现象,可以于尚未置入线香时按压观察,或是将瓶中装满水确定排除所有凝结核成分后再次实验观察。

参考文献

  1. ^ 微生物可"造雨" 能作为凝结核帮助形成雨雪. [2012-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-04). 
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云凝结核
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