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流放

此条目论述以中国为主,未必有普世通用的观点。请协助补充内容避免偏颇,或讨论本文的问题。

流放,又称流刑放逐,是一种强迫他人流亡的刑罚,古时世界各国都有这种刑罚,流放地通常是离岛或极为偏远的地方,使被流放的人难以返回原定居或活动之处。如大英帝国时常流放罪犯到澳大利亚俄罗斯帝国则多将异议分子迁徙至西伯利亚日本幕府将军则多流放公卿武士北海道佐渡岛隐岐岛中国初多流放罪人至东北盛京宁古塔尚阳堡,中叶以后则常常是伊犁乌鲁木齐

中国古代的流罪

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流放的记载很早,《尚书·尧典》称:“流宥五刑”、“流共工幽州,放驩兜崇山,窜三苗于三危,殛羽山[1]。《尚书》又称:“成汤,放于南巢”。秦朝之前, 流放的期限是12年到无期;南北朝时期改成了最长6年,分近中远三种距离;唐朝以后缩短为3年(原犯反逆死罪除外)。宋朝以2年为基数,最多可罚至6年、女性可免(通常新帝即位犯小罪者可获回中原)。

清初多流放罪人至东北盛京宁古塔尚阳堡,尤以汉人居多。顺治十二年(1655年)以“宁古塔地远严寒,至其地者九死一生”,改为“将辽东各地量其远近,酌罪轻重,以为徙所。”但顺治十四年(1657年)南闱科场案发,方拱干举家数十口判徙宁古塔。

流放是生死搏斗的历程,罪犯身心皆承受极大痛苦,多病死途中。清代刑律规定“限日行五十里,若三千里限二月;二千五百里限五十日;余准是。”流人每天的食物,均由当地政府供给,犯人经常受到担负递解任务的解役兵丁肆意虐待,动辄遭受打骂。即便抵达戍所,贫苦、饥饿等一再威胁性命。吴兆骞在给其母的信中说:“宁古寒苦天下所无,自春初到四月中旬,大风如雷鸣电激咫尺皆迷,五月至七月阴雨接连,八月中旬即下大雪,九月初河水尽冻。雪才到地即成坚冰,一望千里皆茫茫白雪。”

但也有不少文士,天性乐观,不以放逐为恶,在当地从事教育事业,如清初因通海案放逐至宁古塔的杨越,“伐木构室,垒土石为炕,出余物易菽粟。民与习,乃教之读书,明礼教,崇退让,躬养老抚孤。”[2]依《大清会典事例》,清初遣戍东北,有捐马、修城、认工等放归方式。

著名的流放地点

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世界历史上著名的流放地点

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参见

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参考资料

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  1. ^ 《十三经注疏·尚书》(台北:艺文印书馆,1989),卷3,页40。
  2. ^ 《清史稿》,卷499〈杨越传〉,页13800。

延伸阅读

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[在维基数据]

维基文库中的相关文本:钦定古今图书集成·经济汇编·祥刑典·流徙部》,出自陈梦雷古今图书集成
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