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瘿.
瘿(英语:gall,cecidium)又称瘿瘤[1]、虫瘿[2],是指植物组织受到昆虫或其他生物刺激而不正常增生的现象。该刺激可能是昆虫所释放出的化学物质,或是单纯的物理刺激。其他可产生瘿的生物包括真菌、细菌、蜱或是螨等。因为瘿是具有高度组织性的构造,所以通常可以不需要知道实际的刺激因子,就能判定一种瘿;某些昆虫或螨的瘿特别是这样。
造瘿的生物
昆虫
由昆虫所引起的瘿叫做虫瘿(insect gall)。可以产生虫瘿的昆虫,称做造瘿昆虫;而产生虫瘿的植物,叫做产瘿植物。虫瘿通常是由幼虫或是成虫食用植物的部位,并注入化学物质、或是母虫产卵所造成的机械性刺激所引起。虫瘿产生后,幼虫就在里面发育成长,直到成熟后才离开。一般来说,昆虫需把握植物细胞分裂最快、形成虫瘿的组织仍在发育的时期,如春天的嫩芽,来造瘿,但这不是绝对,有记录某些瘿蚋在较老的组织上也能诱导出虫瘿。虫瘿可在植物的很多部位上都能发现,如叶片、叶柄、枝条、芽、根或花,但是造瘿昆虫对造瘿的位置具有高度专一性,通常只在某一种特定组织、单一种植物上造瘿,最多也只在相近的植物种上造瘿。
造瘿昆虫有7大类、分成6个目:膜翅目的瘿蜂、叶蜂等;双翅目的瘿蚋、果实蝇等;同翅目腹吻亚目的蚜虫、介壳虫及木虱等;半翅目的网蝽;缨翅目的蓟马;鳞翅目的卷叶蛾、透翅蛾等;鞘翅目的天牛、象鼻虫等。
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Andricus foecundatrix
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Andricus quercuscalicis
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Andricus quercuscalicis
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参考
- ^ 存档副本. [2022-02-27]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-27).
- ^ 存档副本. [2022-02-27]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-27).
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