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固醇

固醇(英语:sterol)又称zāi固醇类(sterols)是类固醇的一个子群,且是重要的有机分子分类;它们存在于大多数真核细胞的膜中,与最家喻户晓的一类动物固醇——胆固醇,一起同时自然存在于植物动物真菌之中,但细菌不含固醇类。胆固醇对细胞的功能发挥来说很重要,并且是许多脂溶性维生素甾体激素的重要前体。

固醇的化学结构

固醇的种类

来自植物的固醇称为“植物固醇”,来自动物的固醇称为“动物固醇”。胆固醇是重要的动物固醇;重要的植物固醇包括菜油甾醇谷固醇,以及豆固醇麦角固醇是一种存在于真菌细胞膜的固醇,其功能类似于动物细胞上的胆固醇。

在生物化学方面的作用

固醇及其相关化合物在真核细胞生物的生理发挥着重要的作用。例如,胆固醇是动物的细胞膜的组成部分。在人类和其他动物,皮质类固醇激素,如皮质醇,可在细胞间通信和一般新陈代谢中担当信号传递物质的角色。

作为一种营养补剂

在临床试验中,植物固醇显示出可以阻断人体肠道中的胆固醇吸收位点,因此可以帮助减少人体中的胆固醇水平[1]。他们也被美国食品药品监督管理局所认可,可以被作为食品添加剂使用;然而,也有人担心他们可能不仅仅阻断胆固醇的吸收,同时也可能会阻断其他重要营养物质的吸收。目前,美国心脏协会已建议只有被确诊胆固醇升高时才应该补充植物固醇,尤其不建议孕妇或乳母食用植物固醇[2]

化学分类与结构

固醇又被称为“甾醇”。他们是甾体的一个子分类,其A环的3号位具有一个羟基[3]。它们是自乙酰辅酶A通过β-羟-β-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶途径而生成的两亲脂类。整体分子形态是相当平坦的。A环上的羟基是极性的。其余的脂肪族链是非极性的。

另见

参考文献

  1. ^ Ostlund RE, Racette SB, Stenson WF. Inhibition of cholesterol absorption by Phytosterol-replete wheat germ compared with Phytosterol-depleted wheat germ. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1 June 2003, 77 (6): 1385–9. PMID 12791614. 
  2. ^ Do healthy people need to eat plant sterols?. Medical News Today. 2004-11-04 [2008-12-08]. (原始内容存档于2008-12-07). 
  3. ^ Fahy E, Subramaniam S, Brown HA; et al. A comprehensive classification system for lipids. J. Lipid Res. 2005, 46 (5): 839–61 [2011-05-23]. PMID 15722563. doi:10.1194/jlr.E400004-JLR200. (原始内容存档于2010-08-24). 
  • Alberts, Bruce. 10. Membrane Structure. Molecular biology of the cell (Online at NIH). IV. Internal Organization of the Cell. New York: Garland Science. 2002: 1874. ISBN 0-8153-4072-9. The Fluidity of a Lipid Bilayer Depends on Its Composition 

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固醇
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