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生祠.
生祠是汉字文化圈一种传统民俗信仰。生祠为活着的人立祠庙,进而祭祀,称为立生祠,以表示内心的感戴和钦敬之意。
历史
西汉栾布为燕国的国相,燕齐之间为其立社庙,号“栾公社”;石庆为齐国的国相,齐人为立石相祠。此为立生祠之始。[1]
唐朝对于现任官员立碑或立祠都有一定限制,《唐律疏议》载妄自遣人立生祠或德政碑者,要受到“诸在官长吏,实无政迹,辄立碑者,徒一年”的处份[2]。《日知录》称唐朝“当日碑祠之难得”。
明代时,滕县百姓为纪念在当地为官清廉而即将去燕京赴任的赵邦清,为他修建了生祠,“黄童白叟,罗而拜之”。
明熹宗天启年间,权阉司礼监秉笔太监魏忠贤擅自把持朝政,权倾天下,许多谄媚者抑或是畏惧其气焰者,为他立生祠。天启七年(1627年)五月,太学生陆万龄上书,称魏忠贤可与孔子相提并论,因为“孔子作《春秋》,忠贤作《要典》。孔子诛少正卯,而忠贤诛东林”。天启七年四月,袁崇焕与兵部尚书阎鸣泰上奏,称颂魏忠贤的功德,并要求在宁远、前屯两地为魏忠贤修建生祠[3]。其后,魏忠贤生祠“几遍天下”,“每一祠之费,多者数十万,少者数万”,且“剥民财,侵公帑,伐树木无算”黄运泰造生祠迎塑像时,“五拜三稽首”,“率文武将吏列班阶下,拜稽首如初”。顾炎武曾感叹:“今代无官不建生祠,然有去任未几,而毁其像,易其主者。”[4]。台湾林爽文之乱后,曾于台湾府城、嘉义等地,建福康安等功臣生祠,以示成德。并有御制功臣生祠纪事诗一首。明清时期修建祠堂达到巅峰状态,而生祠自古有之,祠堂家庙之建既然兴盛,立碑建生祠,自然不比唐宋之前规矩多,同样的明清亦是旌表牌坊兴建最多的两个年代,为明清的普遍现象。北洋军亦曾为袁世凯设立长生牌位。[5]
注释
- ^ 赵翼《陔余丛考》卷三十二《生祠》
- ^ 《唐律疏议》卷十一〈职制律〉
- ^ 《明熹宗实录》:天启七年四月“蓟辽总督阎鸣泰、巡抚袁崇焕疏,颂魏忠贤功德,请于宁前建祠,赐名懋德。”袁崇焕疏称:“厂臣魏忠贤功在社稷,海内之共见共闻,业已铭刻金石,无容职赘,至其身任辽事,誓□恢复,枭灭逆虏,任用刘应干、陶文、纪用等,而关内外御敌之伏甲军器马匹悬帘等项,俱以家资置办,日逐解来,又助军需。臣方一意巡缉,严警诸营将吏,不敢贪懦营私,不敢馈遗隐串,改虚为实,化贾为真,易怯为勇,以有今日。浞古内臣谁有出其右者!”(《明熹宗七年都察院实录》天启六年十月)
- ^ 《日知录》卷 23〈生碑〉,页 644。
- ^ 《民国史纪事本末:北洋政府时期·上》.
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