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理想溶液

理想溶液溶质溶剂混合为溶液时,既不放热,也不吸热,溶液体积适等于溶质体积和溶剂体积之和。 热力学上而言,理想溶液即为活度等于摩尔分数之溶液,其活度系数值为1。

热力学中任何溶液的数学式如下:

其中, 为该成分在溶液中之活度 为该成分在溶液中之活度系数 为该成分在溶液中之莫尔分率。 若该溶液为理想溶液,则

实际存在的溶液均不能合于理想溶液的定义,但是溶质分子结构和性质越是与溶剂分子相接近,混合后的溶液行为就越和理想溶液相近。一般来说,稀溶液的行为较浓溶液的行为更加接近理想溶液的行为。最接近理想溶液的溶液模型为规则溶液

化学中代表该溶液溶解时的溶解热的改变量)为;溶解热越接近零,则该溶液的行为就越为“理想”。这个概念主要是奠基于化学热力学及其应用。另一种说法是溶质与溶质之间、溶剂与溶质之间、溶剂与溶剂之间的作用力都相等,则为理想溶液。

参见

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理想溶液
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