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面包师

《烘焙师》(1681年),约伯·阿德里安斯·贝克海德英语Job Adriaensz Berckheyde(1630−1693)的油画,目前藏于伍斯特艺术博物馆英语Worcester Art Museum
约翰·C·史坦尼斯号航空母舰上的一个面包师正在将一盘新鲜出炉的 圆面包放上架子冷却。

面包师(与甜点师通称为烘焙师)是指从事以烤箱或者其他热源来制成面包饼干蛋糕等的专门职业人员,工作地点常称为烘焙坊。

历史

上古时期

谷物数千年来都是人类的主食,因此烘焙的历史也相当的长远。然而,对于酵母的控制,却是相对较晚才发展出来的技术。[1] 在公元前五、六世纪,古希腊人使用封闭的以燃烧木材加热的烤炉,一些团体会用大型公共烤炉进行面包制作。 希腊人烘培了数十种甚至可能到数百种面包。阿特纳奥斯在他的著作中描述了七十二种。[2]在几个世纪后的古罗马,第一量产面包出现了,在此时也出现了专职烘培的人。古罗马的烘培师使用蜂蜜,创造糕点而不是面包。古罗马的面包师(拉丁语pistor)有些是奴隶英语Slavery in ancient Rome,他们(如当时的奴隶工匠)有时是有自己的自由的。[3] 罗马的大家庭通常有自己的面包师。[4]高卢人发现在面团中加入啤酒可以使面团发酵的状况更加,是人类历史记载中第一次出现以人为控制的酵母制作的面团。[5]

中世纪

在中世纪欧洲,烤炉通常是独立于其他建筑的,有时更设在城墙之外,以避免火灾的风险。[5]由于面包是当时重要的主食,烘培师的生产要素(如原料、每一块面包的大小等)被严格的规则规范著。[5] 例如亨利三世在1267年发表了面包和啤酒法规英语Assize of Bread and Ale,令所有的烘培和酿造商人必须在进行交易时必须缴税以及遵守许多规范,如对度量衡的检查、品质控管、及价格制定等。[6] 在这个法规的实行之后,“烘培业成为了一个非常稳定的行业,以比酿酒业更加专业的方式被执行着,造成一个小镇或村子内的烘培师较酿酒师少得多。”[6] 由于烤炉是一项非常昂贵的投资且需要非常谨慎的使用,便造成了专业化面包店的出现。[6]

参考资料

  1. ^ Wayne Gisslen, Professional Baking (4th ed.: John Wiley & Sons, 2005), p. 4.
  2. ^ Hoffman, Susanna. The Olive and the Caper: Adventures in Greek Cooking. Workman Publishing. 2004: 589 [2019-05-13]. (原始内容存档于2016-06-10). 
  3. ^ Sandra R. Joshel, Work, Identity, and Legal Status at Rome: A Study of the Occupational Inscriptions (University of Oklahoma Press, 1992), pp. 15, 95-97.
  4. ^ Joshel, p. 96.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Wayne Gisslen, Professional Baking (6th ed.: John Wiley & Sons, 2013), p. 5-7.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Ian Spencer Hornsey, A History of Beer and Brewing (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2003), p. 292.
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面包师
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