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渗透战术

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一战期间,装备有手榴弹的德国风暴突击队从战壕中跃起,发动攻击

渗透战术(英语:infiltration tactics)是指在战争中,以小型独立的轻步兵部队前进到敌方的后部区域,绕过敌方的前线据点,并将敌人分隔以供后续部队使用重武器进行攻击的作战方式。在此种作战中,士兵主动发现敌人的弱点,选择自己的路线、目标、时机和攻击方式;这需要很高的技能和长期的训练,并且需要辅以特种装备和武器。

这些步兵战术的形式可以追溯到古典时代,当时该战略被散兵和非常规军使用,但仅作为防御或次要战术。在此时期,决定性的战场胜利是通过重步兵重骑兵的突击作战取得的,通常是集体进攻对手的主要力量。到现代战争初期,防御火力的不断加强使这种战术的成本越来越高。当堑壕战在第一次世界大战中发展到顶峰时,大多数此类攻击都以失败告终。由经验丰富的小队士兵进行突袭,进行秘密行动成为了普遍使用的方法,而且常常获得成功。但这些都无法取得决定性的胜利。

渗透战术在第一次世界大战第二次世界大战初期发展缓慢,部分原因是将这些骚扰战术转变为决定性的进攻学说。起初,只有特种部队接受过这些战术的训练,以德意志帝国风暴突击队为代表。到二战结束时,几乎所有主要大国的常规地面部队都接受过渗透战术训练,并采用了各种形式的装备。有些部队专门从事这方面的活动,例如突击队、远程侦察巡逻队、美国陆军游骑兵空降兵和其他特种部队和进行非常规战争的部队。

作为第一次世界大战期间的一种特种战术,渗透战术现在完全整合为现代机动作战的标准组成部分,直接影响到小队和分队级别的基本火力和运动,因此该术语在今天几乎没有明确的含义。渗透战术在训练有限的现代战斗中可能不是标准的,例如在民兵或短时征募的部队中,或者在需要立即取得胜利的绝望攻击中。二战末期德国的国民掷弹兵部队,以及同一时期日本的万岁冲锋便是这样的例子。

参考资料

  • Davidson, Phillip B. Vietnam at War: The History, 1946–1975. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-19-506792-4, ISBN 0-89141-306-5.
  • Gudmundsson, Bruce I. Stormtroop Tactics: Innovation in the German Army, 1914–1918. New York: Praeger, 1989. ISBN 0-275-93328-8.
  • Simon Jones, Infiltration by Close Order: André Laffargue and the Attack of 9 May 1915页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  • Kraus, Jonathan. Early Trench Tactics in the French Army: The Second Battle of Artois May–June 1915. Farnham: Ashgate, 2013. ISBN 978-1-4094-5500-4.
  • Kraus, Jonathan. Podcast: The Second Battle of Artois, May 1915: the new turning-point.
  • Laffargue, André. The Attack in Trench Warfare Impressions and Reflections of a Company Commander by Capt. André Laffargue 153rd Infantry, French Army, Translated for the Infantry Journal by an Officer of Infantry. Washington, D.C.: The United States Infantry Association, 1916.
  • Samuels, Martin. Doctrine and Dogma: German and British Infantry Tactics in the First World War. New York: Greenwood Press, 1992. ISBN 0-313-27959-4.
  • Samuels, Martin. Command or Control?: Command, Training, and Tactics in the British and German Armies, 1888–1918. London; Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass, 1995. ISBN 0-7146-4570-2, ISBN 0-7146-4214-2.
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渗透战术
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