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永生化

癌细胞(图)就是一种发生永生化的细胞,具有突破海弗里克极限进行无限制分裂的能力

永生化(英语:Immortalized cells)是指细胞取得可突破海弗里克极限、进行无限制分裂的过程。

永生化一般是端粒酶活化的结果。在肿瘤发生过程中,永生化是正常细胞转变为癌细胞的标志之一[1]。另外,在科学研究中,有时为了研究方便,会通过转入SV40病毒SV40大T抗原等手段使细胞发生永生化[2][3]

机质

体外培养的人类细胞在分裂数十次后便会衰老直至凋亡(海弗里克极限),这种现象一般认为是由端粒缩短造成的。发生永生化的细胞则不同,细胞内端粒酶处于活跃状态,能不断修补缩短的端粒[4][5]

细胞的永生化往往伴随着染色体变异等异常现象化[2]。在正常细胞癌变过程中,永生化是癌变的标志之一,但永生化的细胞不一定最后都换转变为癌细胞。部分研究表明,人为诱导永生化的细胞也能继续维持正常细胞的特性。但也有研究表明,人为增强细胞的增殖能力会使细胞出现癌细胞的特征。细胞癌变过程中永生化与其他恶性肿瘤特性的出现是否有关,目前仍然是一个争论中的问题[6]

体外培养的啮齿类动物细胞会发生自发性的永生化,而人类细胞中无此类现象发生[4]

人为诱导

细胞的永生化可以通过人为诱导的方式在体外达成。永生化的细胞可用作癌症研究的模型[3]

人为诱导细胞永生化的方法可分为物理诱导、化学诱导,以及生物学方法诱导三种。物理诱导即通过放射线照射、化学诱导是指通过致癌剂处理的方法诱导细胞永生化,而生物学诱导包括病毒感染(如SV40病毒人乳头瘤病毒)、转入SV40病毒SV40大T抗原等方式[1][4]

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Jerry W. Shay; Woodring E. Wright; Harold Werbin. Defining the molecular mechanisms of human cell immortalization. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1991, (1072): 1–7. PMID 1850299. doi:10.1016/0304-419x(91)90003-4. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Wahlberg, Lars U. BRAIN IMPLANTS: 773–783. 2000. doi:10.1016/B978-012436630-5/50059-3. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Boehm, Jesse S.; Hahn, William C. Immortalized cells as experimental models to study cancer. Cytotechnology. 2004, 45 (1-2): 47–59. ISSN 0920-9069. doi:10.1007/s10616-004-5125-1. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Karen Hubbard; Harvey L. Ozer. MECHANISM OF IMMORTALIZATION (PDF). Age. 1999, (22): 65–69. 
  5. ^ Two-step process leads to cell immortalization and cancer Clearer view of the role telomere length and telomerase play in cell immortalization. Science Daily. 
  6. ^ Mondello, Chiara; Chiodi, Ilaria. Cellular immortalization and neoplastic transformation. Cell Cycle. 2014, 12 (11): 1804–1805. ISSN 1538-4101. doi:10.4161/cc.24940. 
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永生化
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