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氨甲蝶呤

氨甲蝶呤
临床资料
读音聆听i/ˌmɛθəˈtrɛkˌst, ˌm-, -θ-/[1][2]
商品名英语Drug nomenclatureTrexall, Rheumatrex, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682019
核准状况
怀孕分级
  • : D
给药途径By mouth, IV, IM, SC, intrathecal
ATC码
法律规范状态
法律规范
药物动力学数据
生物利用度60% at lower doses, less at higher doses.[3]
血浆蛋白结合率35–50% (parent drug),[3] 91–93% (7-hydroxymethotrexate)[4]
药物代谢Hepatic and intracellular[3]
生物半衰期3–10 hours (lower doses), 8–15 hours (higher doses)[3]
排泄途径Urine (80–100%), faeces (small amounts)[3][4]
识别信息
  • (2S)-2-[(4-{[(2,4-Diaminopteridin-6-yl)methyl](methyl)amino}benzoyl)amino]pentanedioic acid
CAS号59-05-2  checkY
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
PDB配体ID
CompTox Dashboard英语CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.000.376 编辑维基数据链接
化学信息
化学式C20H22N8O5
摩尔质量454.44 g/mol
3D模型(JSmol英语JSmol
  • O=C([C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(C1=CC=C(N(CC2=CN=C(N=C(N)N=C3N)C3=N2)C)C=C1)=O)O
  • InChI=1S/C20H22N8O5/c1-28(9-11-8-23-17-15(24-11)16(21)26-20(22)27-17)12-4-2-10(3-5-12)18(31)25-13(19(32)33)6-7-14(29)30/h2-5,8,13H,6-7,9H2,1H3,(H,25,31)(H,29,30)(H,32,33)(H4,21,22,23,26,27)/t13-/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:FBOZXECLQNJBKD-ZDUSSCGKSA-N checkY

氨甲蝶呤(英语:Methotrexate,又称甲氨喋呤甲氨蝶呤氨甲喋呤;在台湾,学名为氨基甲基叶酸,商品名为灭杀除癌锭治善锭)是一种化疗药物免疫抑制剂[5],用来治疗癌症自体免疫疾病子宫外孕和进行药物流产[5] 。可治疗的癌症类型包含乳癌白血病肺癌淋巴癌骨肉瘤[5] 。可治疗的自体免疫疾病包含银屑病类风湿性关节炎克隆氏症[5] 。使用方式为口服或注射[5]

本药物为叶酸拮抗剂,与叶酸差异仅在N10上的NH上的氢改为甲基(CH3),以及环上C4酮基改为氨基(NH2),故可与叶酸竞争同一酵素,是抗代谢疗法药物可阻止尿嘧啶透过叶酸转移一个甲基形成胸腺嘧啶,即是抗肿瘤药,或预防移植体对宿主排斥反应之药物。常见的副作用包含恶心、疲倦、发烧、增加感染风险、白血球减少症口腔炎[5]。其他副作用包含肝病肺病淋巴瘤和严重皮疹[5]。长期使用本药者应定时检查副作用[5];而在母乳哺育时服用不安全[5];至于对肾脏病患者可能须减少剂量[5]。本药的作用原理为阻止身体利用叶酸

本药最初是由印度生物化学家耶拉普拉伽达·苏巴拉奥英语Yellapragada Subbarao在1947年合成出来,他的大部分职业生涯都在美国。之后由美国儿科医生西德尼·法伯 (Sidney Farber)开始使用于癌症的临床治疗,因为其毒性较当时的其他药物低[6]。1950年代,本药开始取代毒性更强的抗叶酸药物氨基蝶呤英语Aminopterin,于1956年时已用来作为转移性癌症的第一线治疗药物[7]。本药现已列载于世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单上,代表其是医疗系统所需最有效且安全的药物之一[8],现今市面上也有其他的学名药[5] 。2014年发展中国家中一日所需口服形式氨甲蝶呤批发价介在0.06美元到0.36美元之间[9]。在美国,一个月的氨甲蝶呤治疗费用大约为25美元至50美元 [10]

医学用途

[编辑]

本药是目前最重要的控制抗类风湿性关节炎 (rheumatoid arthritis,RA)的药物之一,属于疾病缓解抗风湿药物英语Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug(DMARDs),其药理为减轻部分白血球(抗体)的炎症活动,进一步阻慢骨骼的损害。

本药仅可由对于抗代谢疗法具有知识及经验之医师使用。高剂量治疗恶性疾病曾有死亡之报告。

氨甲蝶呤 (瓶装),1950或60年代

化学特性

[编辑]
氨甲蝶呤化学结构和叶酸化学结构的比较

参考文献

[编辑]
  1. ^ methotrexate - definition of methotrexate in English from the Oxford dictionary. OxfordDictionaries.com. [2016-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2015-12-04). 
  2. ^ methotrexate. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Trexall, Rheumatrex (methotrexate) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more. Medscape Reference. WebMD. [12 April 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-02-08). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Bannwarth, B; Labat, L; Moride, Y; Schaeverbeke, T. Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. An update.. Drugs. January 1994, 47 (1): 25–50. PMID 7510620. doi:10.2165/00003495-199447010-00003. 
  5. ^ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 Methotrexate. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [22 Aug 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-10-08). 
  6. ^ Sneader, Walter. Drug Discovery: A History. John Wiley & Sons. 2005: 251. ISBN 9780470015520. (原始内容存档于2017-02-16) (英语). 
  7. ^ Today’s anti-cancer tools are ever better wielded. The Economist. 14 September 2017 [16 September 2017]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-15). 
  8. ^ WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List) (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015 [8 December 2016]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于13 December 2016). 
  9. ^ Methotrexate Sodium. International Drug Price Indicator Guide. [23 August 2016]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-11). 
  10. ^ Hamilton, Richart. Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2015: 464. ISBN 9781284057560. 

外部链接

[编辑]
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氨甲蝶呤
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