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响音

响音,与阻碍音相对,指发音时向出气流不受阻碍直接冲出口腔,并不受干扰而产生湍流。因此,响音的音能够持续,而音阶不变(阻碍音中的塞音气流因声腔气压上升气流一下子冲出发音,故无法持续。)响音都能自成音节。通常包括鼻音近音闪音颤音元音。有时候会用共鸣音这个名称称呼响音,而响音则用来指非元音和半元音的共鸣音。但这种用法正日渐被淘汰。

中国古代称响音声母为“次浊音”、“清浊音”。

类型

阻碍音常常是清音,而响音常常是浊音。在声音响度中,所有响度比擦音大的都是响音。

在口腔后部发音的辅音中,近音和浊擦音的区别非常模糊,以至于没有一种语言有对立。小舌音喉音声门音的擦音从不与近音有对立。

清音

清响音比较罕见,世界上只有约5%的语言存在这种音素[1]一般很难区分清响音。每个清响音都会在音系中有对应的浊响音。

清响音在太平洋沿岸(如大洋洲东亚与南北美)和一些语系(如南岛语系汉藏语系纳-德内语系爱斯基摩-阿留申语系)中较多见。威尔士语清齿龈颤音 /r̥/与3种清鼻音。

响音范例

在许多语言的响音记录里包含有下列的语音:两个鼻音 /m/, /n/、两个半元音 /w/, /j/,及两个流音 /l/, /r/

英语音系学含有下列的响音辅音音素/l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /ɹ/, /w/, /j/[2].

古爱尔兰语具有最复杂的响音系统之一,仅舌冠音就有12个。舌冠边音鼻音R音有强弱与颚化对立:/N, n, Nʲ, nʲ, R, r, Rʲ, rʲ, L, l, Lʲ, lʲ/。再加上鼻音的/ŋ, ŋʲ, m, mʲ/,总共有16个响音。[3]

音变

清响音有强烈的浊化或辅音强化的趋势,如强化为/ç//ɬ/之类的擦音

北美英语的连贯语音中,/t//d/在响音(包括元音和成音节的/l/)后常会闪音化为ɾ[4]

参看

注释

  1. ^ Ian Maddieson (with a chapter contributed by Sandra Ferrari Disner); Patterns of sounds; Cambridge University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-521-26536-3
  2. ^ UCL DEPT OF PHONETICS & LINGUISTICS, (1995-09-19), Sampa for English页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Accessed 2007-05-25.
  3. ^ Greene, David. The Growth of Palatalization in Irish. Transactions of the Philological Society. 1973, 72: 127–136. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1973.tb01017.x. 
  4. ^ North American English: General Accents (PDF). Universität Stuttgart - Institut für Linguistik: 6. [2019-04-26]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-04-21). 

参考文献

  • Ladefoged, Peter; Ian Maddieson (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
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