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桂枝.
桂枝(拉丁文:Ramulus Cinnamomi、桂心)是中药材,是樟科常绿乔木桂树(肉桂,Cinnamomum cassia)的嫩枝。产于广西、广东、云南、福建等地,尤以广西为多。春夏采收,晒干或阴干,切片生用。
- 发散风寒:桂枝能透达营卫,发散肌表风寒,用于感冒风寒表证,症见恶寒、发热、头痛、身疼、脉浮等。但发汗作用比麻黄较为缓和。若配麻黄同用则增强发汗散寒之力,用于治外感风寒无汗的表实证,如麻黄汤;配敛阴和营之白芍同用则能调和营卫,且发汗之力更缓,用于治外感风寒有汗的表虚证,如桂枝汤。
- 温经散寒:桂枝味辛辣而性温行,有温经散寒、袪风止痛的功效。用于风寒湿邪阻滞经络所致肢体关节疼痛,常以桂枝汤配防风、威灵仙等同用。桂枝味兼甘,并略有强壮作用,在妇科和其他杂病应用很广,如血虚寒凝引起的月经不调、闭经、痛经,常与吴茱蓃、当归、白芍、川芎等同用,如温经汤。又用于血虚心悸、脉结代,常配炙甘草、党参、阿胶等同用,如复脉汤。
- 通阳化气:桂枝有温中阳、化痰饮、化膀胱之气而行水之效,用于阳气不舒、水湿停留,或为水肿,或为痰饮之证,如治痰饮之苓桂甘汤,治水肿之五苓散等。
煎服3~10克;用于解表者,一般6~10克;若用于风湿关节痹痛,有时须用较大剂量,约12~15克。
桂枝性较温热,温热病、阴虚阳盛证及血热吐衄者均忌用;且其性兼温通,孕妇及月经过多者慎用。
- 《神农本草经》谓桂枝“主上气咳喘,结气,喉痹吐吸,利关节。
- 《珍珠囊》:“去伤风头痛,开腠理,解表发汗,去皮肤风湿。”
- 《本经疏证》:“能利关节,温经通脉……其用之道有六:曰和营、曰通阳、曰利水、曰下气、曰行瘀、曰补中,为桂枝六大功效。其功最大,施之最广,无如桂枝汤,则和营其功也。”
- 据化学分析,桂枝所含挥发油中的主要成分为桂皮醛、桂皮酸,并含有少量乙酸桂皮醛,乙酸苯丙酯。尚含粘液质、鞣质及树脂等。
- 据药理研究,桂枝所含挥发油,能抑制肠道多种细菌发育,如痢疾杆菌、霍乱弧菌、沙门氏菌等。对流感病毒亦有抑制作用,又能刺激汗腺,使皮肤血管扩张,故有发汗作用。其挥发油味辛辣,气芬香,能促进消化液的分泌及增加胃肠蠕动,有助于胃肠积气的排除,故有健胃袪风作用。此外,桂枝并能强心镇痛。
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