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有效核电荷

有效核电荷是指在多电子原子中,某一个电子所受的净正电荷。这个概念是基于屏蔽效应理论而存在:由于共同带有负电荷的内外层电子之间存在排斥力,内层电子“阻挡”了一部分外层电子与原子核之间的正负电荷吸引力。应用这个概念,可以直接根据原子的氧化值判断核电荷的强度。

在单电子原子中,电子受到原子核中全部正电荷的吸引(即屏蔽作用不存在)。这种情况下,有效核电荷可以直接应用库仑定律计算。然而,在多电子原子中,处于外层的电子既受到正电荷的吸引,同时也被处于内层带负电荷的电子排斥。此时,其中一个电子所受的有效核电荷可以用以下公式求得:

其中

Z是原子核中的质子数量,
S是所研究的电子与原子核之间的电子(即,非价电子)的平均数量(考虑到电子的随机运动,价电子有一定可能进入、非价电子也有可能短暂离开这片区域)

S 可以通过许多方法求得,其中最简单的一种被称作“斯莱特定则”(以化学家约翰·C·斯莱特命名)。

另外,道格拉斯·哈特里哈特里-福克轨道的有效核电荷定义为:

其中 <r>H 是氢原子的平均半径,而 <r>Z 是带有Z个核电荷的原子中、所研究的轨道的平均半径。

备注: Zeff 也常被记作 Z*.

参见

参考

  • Brown, Theodore; LeMay, H.E.; & Bursten, Bruce (2002). Chemistry: The Central Science (8th revised edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-61155-61141-5.
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有效核电荷
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