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易牙

易牙
本名名:巫
国籍齐国
别名雍巫、狄牙
活跃时期春秋时期(公元前7世纪)
知名于齐国大夫、厨师

易牙(?—?),雍人,名,所以也叫雍巫[1]狄牙[2]春秋时期齐国著名厨师

生平

原本为寺人,精于烹调,长于辨味,史称其:“至于味,天下期于易牙。”[3],“酸则沃之以水,淡则加之以咸”[4],“淄渑之合,易牙尝知之”[5],有宠于齐桓公夫人卫共姬(长卫姬),得到齐桓公的称美[6]。齐桓公曾说未曾食过人的肉,易牙就杀了自己的儿子,煮熟给齐桓公吃并得到其信任[7][8]。齐桓公想任用他代替将死的管仲,不过管仲认为:“人之情非不爱其子也,其子之忍,又将何爱于君!”所以反对由他接任,齐桓公也就将他和开方竖刁撤职,永远不准入朝。

但后来齐桓公没有听管仲遗言,亲信易牙、竖刁、开方。桓公得重病,易牙与竖刁作乱,填塞宫门,筑起高墙,内外不通,最后令齐桓公饿死。其后无人安葬齐桓公,直到尸体遍满蛆虫为止。

易牙、竖刁立公子无诡公子昭逃到宋国宋襄公意欲扶植公子昭,于是强力攻齐,易牙出战,竖刁留在齐国。此时齐国大夫与宋襄公合作发动政变,诛杀竖刁、绞死无诡,易牙则逃亡鲁国,据说后来寓居彭城(今江苏徐州)。

后人常将易牙尊奉为餐饮业之祖师爷之一,许多餐厅、厨艺相关著作亦以其命名,如明朝韩奕《易牙遗意》、周履靖《续易牙遗意》等。台湾有高雄市前镇区开基易牙祖师府[9]、台南市永康区易牙祖师府主祀之,并以梅颠祖师、庖丁祖师为其从神。其中开基易牙祖师府以农历六月二十八日作为神明圣诞,并会在当日与高雄市政府合办易牙美食节,至2017年时已举办二十届。[9]

注释

  1. ^ 《尚友录》载:“齐大父易牙之后,即雍巫也,善知味,有望出济阳,今江东多此姓。”
  2. ^ 大戴礼记·保傅》:“齐桓公……失管仲,任竖刁、狄牙,身死不葬而为天下笑。”王充论衡》的“狄牙和膳,肴无淡味”
  3. ^ 孟子·告子上》
  4. ^ 王充论衡.谴告篇》
  5. ^ 列子·说符》
  6. ^ 淮南子·精神训》:“桓公甘易牙之和。”
  7. ^ 司马迁史记·齐太公世家》:管仲病,桓公问曰:“群臣谁可相者?”管仲曰:“知臣莫如君。”公曰:“易牙如何?”对曰:“杀子以适君,非人情,不可。”
  8. ^ 战国策·魏策》:“齐桓公夜半不嗽,易牙乃煎熬燔炙,和调五味而进之。”
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 kaochuanchen. 廚聖易牙聖誕 廚師齊聚展功夫. PeoPo公民新闻. 2017-07-22 [2019-07-29]. (原始内容存档于2019-07-29) (中文(台湾)). 

参见

  • 妙手易牙

参考资料

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易牙
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