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新英格兰英语

根据ANAE所绘制的新英格兰英语地图。
方言分野
东北新英格兰英语(NENE)
  • 不卷舌
  • 完全Cot–caught合并,发作[ɒ~ɑ]
  • 完全或部分的Horse–hoarse合并
  • 没有Father–bother合并,[ä~a][ɒ~ɑ]对立
  • /ɑr/前置为[ä(ɹ)~a(ɹ)]
西北新英格兰英语(NWNE)
  • 卷舌
  • 完全Cot–caught合并,发作[ɑ]
  • 完全Horse–hoarse合并
  • 完全Father–bother合并,发作[ɑ~ä]
  • /ɑr/前置为[äɹ~aɹ]
西南新英格兰英语(SWNE)
  • 卷舌
  • 完全或部分的Cot–caught合并,[ɑ~ä][ɒ]对立
  • 完全Horse–hoarse合并
  • 完全Father–bother合并,发作[ɑ~ä]
  • /ɑr/保持为[ɑɹ]
东南新英格兰英语(SENE)
  • 不卷舌
  • 没有Cot–caught合并,[ɑ~ä][ɔə]对立
  • 完全Horse–hoarse合并
  • 完全Father–bother合并,发作[ɑ~ä]
  • /ɑr/保持为[ɑ(ɹ)][1]

新英格兰英语(New England English)包含多种用于新英格兰地区的美国北部英语方言[2][3]。新英格兰东部与中部的主流口音一度是所谓的“洋基方言英语Eastern New England English”(Yankee dialect),尽管在年轻人当中有消退的趋势,这个方言仍有部分特征保留至今,例如R不卷舌(R-dropping)等等[4][5][6]。由此,新英格兰英语大致可以分为不卷舌的东新英格兰英语英语Eastern New England English与卷舌的西新英格兰英语英语Western New England English,1939年的新英格兰语言学地图集英语Linguistic Atlas of New England[7]与2006年的北美英语地图集英语Atlas of North American English(ANAE)都援用此分类法。ANAE更进一步,以Cot–caught合并/ɑr/前置(Park the car)等作为标准,将新英格兰英语划出南北分野,分为四种典型口音:[8]

音系

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分别处

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新英格兰英语并非单一方言,而是新英格兰地区多种地理相邻的方言集合,它们与南部英语英语Southern American English西部英语英语Western American English都有明显的差异。例如,新英格兰把 LOTTHOUGHT 发成同样母音,但南部把 LOT 发成 PALM 的母音;又如东新英格兰只在音节前的r发出r音,音节后不卷舌,但西新英格兰与西部都会卷舌。传统上,新英格兰北部(以波士顿为核心,东南至鳕鱼角,北至缅因中部)有cot–caught合并,将开后圆唇元音半开后圆唇元音合并成同样的音,以罗德岛为核心的新英格兰南部则会区分这两个元音。基于卷舌与cot–caught合并,新英格兰英语便产生四个分区,从使用者出身地来看,刚好可以将新英格兰划分为四象限。

共通处

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所有新英格兰英语都有加拿大抬升英语Canadian raising的现象,双元音/aɪ/在无声辅音前会拉高,因此“writer”会拉高,但“rider”不会。东新英格兰的/aʊ/也有类似现象,会在无声辅音前拉高。[10]

新英格兰方言的另一特色是,非重音的/tɪŋ/(例如“sitting”/ˈsɪtɪŋ/)与/tən/(例如“Britain”/ˈbrɪtən/)会发成声门塞音(Glottal stop)[ʔn̩]。虽然T声门化英语t-glottalization──特别是/tən/的声门化──遍及全美(典型的美国发音,把“Mountain”念成 [ˈmaʊnʔn̩]),但新英格兰新罕布夏、佛蒙特、康乃迪格与马萨诸塞的居民在中央元音前声门化的倾向特别发达[11]。不过,在犹他加州新泽西的年轻人中间也开始流行这种发音了。[12][13]

在新英格兰,英语“短A”或“TRAP 元音”抬升舌头的程度有所不同。总体而言,新英格兰人表现出明确的“鼻短A”(Nasal short-a),在鼻辅音/m//n/之前绝对会强势抬升,(例如“pan”发成“paean”的音)。[14] 除了罗德岛之外,其他新英格兰地区的“短A”也可能在其他场合提高,类似于五大湖英语[15]

此外,新英格兰英语中有些特定单字发音与外地不同:

词汇

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以下用语发源自新英格兰,或者只在新英格兰普遍使用:

Brook
溪流,其他地方通常说“stream”。
Cellar
地下室,其他地方通常说“basement”。为东北新英格兰用法,从波士顿扩散到麻州全境。
Grinder
潜艇三明治,在缅因英语英语Maine accent称之为“Italian sandwich”。[16]
Hamburg
可以兼指汉堡汉堡排,是较旧的用法。[17]
Package store;packie
烈酒专卖店英语liquor store,这个用法主要分布在波士顿及新英格兰南部,其他地方则说“liquor store”。[18]
Rotary
圆环,其他地方说“roundabout”或“traffic circle”。[19][20]
Sneakers
运动鞋,为东北新英格兰用法,从波士顿扩散到麻州全境甚至全球。
Soda
任何甜味的碳酸饮料。
Tag sale
车库拍卖英语garage sale,这个用法主要分布在西南新英格兰,其他地方称为“garage sale”或“yard sale”。[21]
Tractor trailer
联结车,其他地方通常说“semi-trailer truck”。为东北新英格兰用法,从波士顿扩散到麻州全境。
Wicked
表达程度强烈,用于形容词或副词之前,这个用法以波士顿为中心往外扩散。[22]

东新英格兰英语

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包含波士顿英语英语Boston accent缅因英语英语Maine accent与罗德岛英语。最大特色为只在元音前卷舌,否则一概不卷舌。因此,在“car”、“card”、“fear”、“chowder”等词汇里的R一律不卷舌(聆听),“Park the car in Harvard Yard”要读做[pʰak ðə ˈkʰaɹ‿ɪn ˈhavəd ˈjad]。这可说是当地居民的示播列,从波士顿北到缅因、西到伍斯特都有这样的不卷舌发音,与北美洲其他口音大相径庭[23]

在罗德岛之外,Cot–caught合并已经发生,两者都发成[kʰɒt] [24] 。加拿大抬升除了发生在/aɪ//aʊ//u/也开始有类似现象。Horse - hoarse英语horse–hoarse mergerMary–marry–merry英语Mary–marry–merry merger在这边则都可以完全区分[25]

西新英格兰英语

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包含佛蒙特、麻州西部与康乃狄格的口音。拥有完整的“R”卷舌音,与多数北美英语相同。/aʊ//u/发音略微向前,Mary–marry–merry合并英语Mary–marry–merry mergerhorse–hoarse合并英语horse–hoarse merger已经完全完成。Cot–caught合并的过程在西新英格兰一览无遗:北边的佛蒙特已经完全合并,南边的康乃狄格会完全区分,中间则处于过渡状态[26]。西新英格兰英语对大湖区英语英语Inland Northern American English造成不少影响,两者很有相关,部分的西新英格兰甚至参与了1900年代的北方大城市元音移位(虽然其中的历史还不明朗[27][28]),但相较于受西部影响的大湖区口音,西新英格兰英语的音系更加保守。[29]

参见

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参考资料

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  1. ^ Labov (2006),第227, 229, 231页.
  2. ^ Labov (2006),第148页.
  3. ^ Boberg (2001),第24-5页.
  4. ^ Stanford et al. (2012: 160-1)
  5. ^ Stanford et al. (2014: 120)
  6. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:226页)
  7. ^ Boberg (2001),第3页.
  8. ^ Labov (2006),第225页.
  9. ^ Labov (2006),第61页.
  10. ^ Boberg, Charles. The English Language in Canada: Status, History and Comparative Analysis. Cambridge University Press. 2010: 156. ISBN 9781139491440. 
  11. ^ Stanford, James N. (2019). New England English: Large-Scale Acoustic Sociophonetics and Dialectology. Oxford University Press, USA, p. 54.
  12. ^ Jones, Jennifer G. (2012). "https://magazine.byu.edu/article/do-utahns-talk-funny/页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Do Utahns Talk Funny?]" BYU Magazine. Brigham Young University.
  13. ^ Reeves, Larkin. Patterns of Vowel Production in Speakers of American English from the State of Utah. All Theses and Dissertations. August 6, 2009 [2022-09-11]. (原始内容存档于2022-08-03). 
  14. ^ Labov (2006),第84页.
  15. ^ Labov (2006),第82页.
  16. ^ Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder. 2003. "What do you call the long sandwich that contains cold cuts, lettuce, and so on?" The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Linguistics Department.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  17. ^ Hirshberg, Jeffrey. Regional Morphology in American English: Evidence from Dare. American Speech. 1981, 56 (1): 33–52. JSTOR 454477. doi:10.2307/454477. 
  18. ^ Vaux, Bert and Marius L. Jøhndal. "What do you a call a store that is devoted primarily to selling alcoholic beverages?页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)" Cambridge Online Survey of World Englishes. University of Cambridge.
  19. ^ Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder. 2003. "What do you call a traffic situation in which several roads meet in a circle and you have to get off at a certain point?页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)" The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
  20. ^ Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder. 2003. "What is your *general* term for the rubber-soled shoes worn in gym class, for athletic activities, etc.?页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)" The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
  21. ^ Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder. 2003. "Which of these terms do you prefer for a sale of unwanted items on your porch, in your yard, etc.?页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)" The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
  22. ^ Szelog, Mike. "Ayuh, the Northern New England Accent in a Nutshell.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)" The Heart of New England.
  23. ^ Wolfram, Walt; Natalie Schilling-Estes. American English: Dialects and Variation. Wiley-Blackwell. 1998. ISBN 978-0-631-20487-9. 
  24. ^ Fitzpatrick, Jim. Beantown Babble (Boston, MA). W. Wolfram; B. Ward (编). American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast. Wiley-Blackwell. 2006. ISBN 978-1-4051-2109-5. 
  25. ^ Kim, Chaeyoon et al. (2018). "Bring on the crowd ! Using online audio crowdsourcing for large-scale New England dialectology and acoustic sociophonetics". American Speech Volume 94, Issue 2. Duke University Press.
  26. ^ Boberg (2001),第19-27页.
  27. ^ McCarthy, Corrine (2010) "The Northern Cities Shift in Real Time: Evidence from Chicago页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)". University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: Vol. 15 : Iss. 2, Article 12.
  28. ^ McCarthy, Natalie. THE NORTHERN CITIES SHIFT AND LOCAL IDENTITY IN A SUBURBAN CLEVELAND GROUP (PDF). 2004: 7 [2022-09-11]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-04). 
  29. ^ Nagy, Naomi; Roberts, Julie. New England phonology. Edgar Schneider; Kate Burridge; Bernd Kortmann; Rajend Mesthrie; Clive Upton (编). A handbook of varieties of English. Volume 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. 2004: 270–281. 

延伸阅读

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  • Stanford, James. 2019. New England English: Large-scale acoustic sociophonetics and dialectology. Oxford University Press. 367 pages.
  • Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; and Boberg, Charles. The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter. 2006. ISBN 978-3-11-016746-7. 
  • Boberg, Charles. The Phonological Status of Western New England. American Speech. 2001, 76 (1): 3–29. S2CID 143486914. doi:10.1215/00031283-76-1-3. 

外部链接

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新英格兰英语
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