扩散 (生态学)
在生态学中，扩散是指少数生物个体从一个地点移动到另一个地点的过程，比如从出生地移动到其他地区，或从高种群密度地区移动到低种群密度地区，或从种群分布的中心往其他地区移动[1]。
描述
扩散可以分为两种：密度非依赖型扩散（Density-independent dispersal），或称为被动扩散（passive dispersal），是指生物利用环境中的动能进行得扩散，比如蒲公英种子的扩散[2][3]。密度依赖型扩散（Density-dependent dispersal），是指生物个体权衡环境的好坏、种群密度、种内竞争的强度等因素后，向更适宜生存的地区移动的过程[4][5][6]。
扩散和迁移（Migration）的主要区别在于，迁移是大量个体从一个地点转移到另一个地点的行为，而扩散仅是少部分个体的行为。对于独居动物来说，迁移和扩散没有本质上的区别[7]。扩散和地理扩散（Geodispersal）有一定区别，后者是和地理隔离相反的过程，指两个最初被地理因素隔开的种群或生态系统因地理屏障的消失而融合的过程[8][9][10]。
参考
- ^ Lisa A. Urry; et al. Campbell Biology 11th. 2017: 1181–1182. ISBN 9780134093413.
- ^ Maguire Jr., B. The passive dispersal of small aquatic organisms and their colonization of isolated bodies of water. Ecological Monographs. 1963, 33: 161. JSTOR 1948560. doi:10.2307/1948560.
- ^ Nathan, R. The challenges of studying dispersal (PDF). Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 2001, 16 (9): 481 [2018-08-20]. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02272-8. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-09-28）.
- ^ Johst, K. & Brandl, R. The effect of dispersal on local population dynamics. Ecological Modelling. 1997, 104: 87. doi:10.1016/S0304-3800(97)00112-9.
- ^ Bowler, D. E. & Benton, T.G. Causes and consequences of animal dispersal strategies: relating individual behaviour to spatial dynamics. Biol. Rev. 2005, 80 (2): 205–225. PMID 15921049. doi:10.1017/S1464793104006645.
- ^ Fernández, L. Source-sink dynamics shapes the spatial distribution of soil protists in an arid shrubland of northern Chile. Journal of Arid Environment. 2015, 113: 121–125. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2014.10.007.
- ^ MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL. Wrexham Glyndwr University. [2018-08-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-28）.
- ^ James S. Albert; Roberto E. Reis. Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes. University of California Press. 2011: 308 [2018-08-20]. ISBN 978-0-520-26868-5. （原始内容存档于2013-09-10）.
- ^ Lieberman. Geobiology and paleobiogeography: tracking the coevolution of the Earth and its biota. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2005, 219: 23–33. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.10.012.
- ^ Lieberman, Bruce S. Geobiology and paleobiogeography: Tracking the coevolution of the Earth and its biota. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2005, 219: 23. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.10.012.
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