手摇琴

**手摇琴**
乐器别名	手摇琴
分类	弦乐器
音域
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	尼古赫帕;

手摇琴琴曲

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手摇琴，又称绞弦琴，是一种见于欧洲各地的古老弦乐器，通过乐手转动乐器上的手柄，联动腹腔内树脂包裹的轮子来摩擦琴弦，从而震动发声。手摇琴有多个伴音弦，因此可以产生一种类似风笛的持续音，而实际上在奥克西塔尼亚、加泰罗尼亚、卡津、坎塔布里亚和匈牙利的民间音乐中它就常常和风笛交替使用。

历史

手摇琴的前身可能是欧洲或者中东地区的提琴，出现时间大概是公元11世纪左右^[1]^[2]。它最早被称为“Organistrum”，有一根旋律弦和两根伴音弦。但因为体积较大，需要两个乐手合作才能演奏^[3]。它以五度相生律定弦，是当时教堂里使用的宗教乐器。据称10世纪基督教圣人克吕尼的俄多曾写过一篇文章描述“Organistrum”的制作方法，但这种说法并不太可信^[4]^[5]。此外另有一篇10世纪的阿拉伯文献也记载了类似“Organistrum”的乐器^[1]。而圣地亚哥-德孔波斯特拉的一座教堂里存在最早的“Organistrum”雕塑，而其雕刻年代应该是12世纪。^[6]^:47^[7]^:3

参考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Baines, Anthony. Reviewed work(s): Die Drehleier, ihr Bau und ihre Geschichte by Marianne Bröcker. The Galpin Society Journal. May 1976, 29: 140–141 [140]. JSTOR 841885. doi:10.2307/841885.
^ Margaret J. Kartomi: On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments. Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology, University of Chicago Press, 1990
^ Christopher Page, "The Medieval Organistrum and Symphonia. 1: A Legacy From the East?," The Galpin Society Journal 35:37–44, and "The Medieval Organistrum and Symphonia. 2: Terminology," The Galpin Society Journal 36:71–87
^ Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum, 3 vols., ed. Martin Gerbert (St. Blaise: Typis San-Blasianis, 1784; reprint ed., Hildesheim: Olms, 1963), 1:303.
^ Franz Montgomery, "The Etymology of the Phrase by Rote." Modern Language Notes 46/1 (Jan. 1931), 19–21.
^ Palmer, Susann. The Hurdy-Gurdy. London: David & Charles. 1980. ISBN 0-7153-7888-0.
^ Muskett, Doreen. Hurdy-Gurdy Method. England: Muskett Music. 1998. ISBN 0-946993-07-6.

外部连接

巴洛克手摇琴（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
hurdy-gurdy wiki （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Caroline Phillips: Hurdy-gurdy for beginners （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆），TED talks
Discover the Hurdy-gurdy in video （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆），教程
荷兰手摇琴（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

分类

[Baines-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Baines, Anthony. Reviewed work(s): Die Drehleier, ihr Bau und ihre Geschichte by Marianne Bröcker. The Galpin Society Journal. May 1976, 29: 140–141 [140]. JSTOR 841885. doi:10.2307/841885.

[2] Margaret J. Kartomi: On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments. Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology, University of Chicago Press, 1990

[3] Christopher Page, "The Medieval Organistrum and Symphonia. 1: A Legacy From the East?," The Galpin Society Journal 35:37–44, and "The Medieval Organistrum and Symphonia. 2: Terminology," The Galpin Society Journal 36:71–87

[4] Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum, 3 vols., ed. Martin Gerbert (St. Blaise: Typis San-Blasianis, 1784; reprint ed., Hildesheim: Olms, 1963), 1:303.

[5] Franz Montgomery, "The Etymology of the Phrase by Rote." Modern Language Notes 46/1 (Jan. 1931), 19–21.

[Palmer-6] Palmer, Susann. The Hurdy-Gurdy. London: David & Charles. 1980. ISBN 0-7153-7888-0.

[Muskett-7] Muskett, Doreen. Hurdy-Gurdy Method. England: Muskett Music. 1998. ISBN 0-946993-07-6.

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手摇琴

历史

参考文献

外部连接

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